Analysis Of Claude Steele s Influence On Minority Students

Claude Steele is a social psychologist with a focused interest in self-affirmation theory and its role in self-regulation and the academic under-achievement of minority students and women. Steele explained the academic under achievement of minority students with stereotype threat which is when racial and gender stereotypes can affect minority and womens grades, test scores, and academic identity.(Lasnier, 2009).For many years’ stereotype threat has affected minority students learning making it hard to focus on school because of their environment putting stereotypes in their heads such as already having in your mind that â€Å"men are better than women in sciences (Gorlick, 2009) or â€Å"I’m black I’m not going to graduate anyway so why even try on†¦show more content†¦Besides Steele being a professor, dean and provost he has always won multiple awards and in the 1980’s made the self-affirmation theory well-known by relating that theory to self -regulation and shined a light on stereotype threat making it relevant and known that minorities suffer from it to America today.(Public Affairs, n.d.) Scholarly Work For over fifth teen years social psychologist has done research on how minorities intelligence has been affected by the stereotype threat theory(Jean-Claude Croizet et al., 2004; Lovaglia J, 2004). Stereotyping can be defined in many ways the first being â€Å"A destructive human habit that judges people before knowing their true qualities according to Worley(Worley, 2010). Or when one makes false assumptions on a group based off of their religion, race sexual orientation, disabled, language or educational opportunities(Worley, 2010). Stereotype threat disrupts three ways the first being a physiological stress response that directly impairs prefrontal processing, the second being a tendency to actively monitor performance, and finally the third being efforts to suppress negative thoughts and emotions in the service of self-regulation(Schmader, Johns, Forbes, 2008). All three of these are needed to do well on a standardized test. Stereotype threat affects African-American minority groups--African-Americans, Native Americans, and many Latino groups ( Bowen Bok, 1998; Jensen, 1980;Show MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure

Mean Little Deaf Queer By Terry Galloway Essay - 1817 Words

The book, Mean Little deaf Queer, a memoir, by Terry Galloway, is a powerful autobiography that gives insights about her life. Not only has she coped with a disability, but she also had to deal with being queer and overcoming the many obstacles of accepting this reality. Terry Galloway, grew up viewing herself as an outsider because of the responses she received from other individuals as her body transformed. She proclaimed herself as a child freak from the moment her body began to change, and when her hearing was diminishing and her hallucinations became a frequent occurrence, she would address her fury and discontent with her hearing aids and thick round glasses. Nevertheless, the moment she feigned her own drowning at a summer camp for crippled children, she knew she had discovered a new passion. Her hardships were overlooked and renovated into a love for theater and speech that would not only defy her reality, but that would surpass her expectations. In essence, this book elucidated what it was like for Terry Galloway to undergo her mental breakdowns, to address her queer identity in a world deprived of sound, while taking into consideration societal norms and historical occurrences in the world of people with disabilities. Correspondingly, Galloway divides her story into three parts that depict the unfolding of her life. The first part of her memoir was â€Å"Drowning† which corresponds to her going deaf, the second part of her memoir was â€Å"Passing† which corresponds to her

Accounting Theory and Current Issues Ontological Assumptions

Question: Describe about the Accounting Theory and Current Issues for Ontological Assumptions. Answer: Introduction The study elucidates the aspects of positive or renders scientific approach and this aligns with the research in the field of accounting. Moreover, it can also be said that the specified report puts emphasis on defining the key objectives of the human behavior that leads to preparation of necessary settings of accounting (Deegan, 2013). This study has been done based on the provided article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research. It puts focus on the discussion regarding the epistemology and ontological assumptions that are required for scientific research as well as feasibility factors of scholarly projects. The present section of the article illustrates the positive accounting research during the period of defensive actions. However, it has been found that in certain cases, the accounting acts as defensible in nature and rarely manages in the future. Thus, this report highlights on understanding of the progress level as well as logics by the help of various data gathering p rocedures and these include quantitative and qualitative research methodologies (Freeman et al., 2014). Summarization of the Article The detailed study of the article Half a Defense of Positive Accounting Research aims to illustrate all the concepts of auditing that renders good work typically. In addition to this, it can be said that this study puts focus on how far all the practices might fall short particularly in the Popper prescriptions case. Importance of the article: This specified journal article summarizes the outcomes of the qualitative researches and also makes the utilization of all the relevant theories and concepts (Deegan, 2016). In this article, hypotheses have been conducted with the aim to test all the objectives. This needs underpinning of the observed findings that align with the research in the field of accounting. The fundamental success aligns with the concept and theories of positive accounting, especially after the understanding of the operational artifacts with the aim to set relatively lower standards. According to Kuhn, it has been stated that the normal sciences which easily fits into the key objective of the concept of positive accounting after the comparison of this theory with the traditional sciences. Thus, final vision illustrates the fundamental fact especially when the crisis of Kuhnia and resolution occur by explaining the theory and concept of positive accounting. The theories and concepts of Positive Accounting have a broader vision and it is concerned with the research programs for extending the facets of illustrations of human behavior. This positive accounting sets and compares the existence of the positive accounting theory (PAT) with the particular research. Thus, this study helps to summarize the features of both epistemology and ontology for the programs of investigation. According to PAT, accounting deals with the examination of the larger factors for obtaining the capabilities of scientific objectives. Additionally, the description of Kuhn puts more emphasis on the normal sciences that generally fits into the concepts and theories of the positive accounting research in a most accurate manner. Constraints of the article: The researchers have suggested for a more confident as well as accepting observational findings and the faulty ideas rightly (Bonin, 2013) generally use these. It has been found that suggestions can be provided for rendering the practical actions regarding the resistance and depends on the current system such as fetching changes in the future years. The summarization of the particular article indicates that the discussion regarding the crisis of Kuhnia and the aspects of revolution are concerned about the liberation of the concepts of positive accounting for attaining higher level of potential benefit (Deegan, 2012). Therefore, there are several cases that have offer into the practical actions regarding resistance and this depends on the present system in order to bring in change management. The most common issues that are found in the process include the informal construction of all the theoretical models for scrutinizing the test of gratuitous reliance that considers the logics of hypotheses (Biondi Zambon, 2013). It exposes the lack of interest in the arithmetical values of constraints and faces inadequate replication. This needs undertaking of the face-to-face interaction between the less personal and personal systems in the final procedure of making decision (Jones, 2015). Thus, it implies the understanding of the important aspects regarding the deficiencies of the research in the field of positive accounting particular for the broader logical projects. Research Questions What are the concepts and logical theories regarding the Positive Accounting Research in the field of accounting? How the concept of positive accounting does develops the information relationship between the human behaviors? How the description of Kuhn does explain the normal sciences that are associated with the accounting research? It can be said that all these research questions aligns with the provided case study, as the case study is regarding the topic positive accounting, various research methods that can be implemented for successful research work. In addition to these, in this research work, the importance and the influence of the normal science have also been discussed by the particular author. Moreover, both importance and constraints have been discussed here regarding the particular research topic and its research method. Therefore, it can be said that the research hypotheses align with the research paper. As the whole article is about the various types of concepts and logical theories of PAT, its concept in the development of information relationship between human behaviors and Kuhns description about normal sciences. Theoretical Framework Opined to Smith Tucker (2013), the empirical question illustrates the comprehensive theories regarding the human behavior and the limitation of the application of the theories. In addition to this, various extensive areas specify the particular situation of actions of the population for offering interpretive research. This indicates the alignment of the explanation of the theories with the ontology, epistemology and positive factors. From this it can be said that the aim of the researcher is to monitor the limitations as the modified one within the social world even after the development of the possible actions. Scientific research can be of two types qualitative and quantitative and it can be suggested that gathered data can be processed under induction on certain assumptions. In certain situations, new observations have been incorporated for consideration of logical support and for testing predictions regarding newer theories (Dobija Kurek, 2013). According to Popper, all the newer theories are based on proved observations and observed regularities. This involves examination of two theories in a single case theory. Thus, falsification considers the inoperable assumptions that based upon theoretical assumptions. Therefore, theories are regarded as anomalous tracks of Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft. According to Quinn (2014) there are mainly two objectives that are generally utilized by the researchers. This is used to understand the qualitative research and this also implies gathering of data that helps in preliminary understanding. The present study highlights the regression analysis to understand the pricing strategy of auditors as it is represented in the audit report. As a result, it can be said that collection of data after the identification of the tender bid, differentiation of the pattern of behavior and presentation of the adopted strategies are considered as an important factor to the audit partners. Importance and Constraints of the Article The most important aspect regarding the article is its written form in the Popper Logic version. This involves measurement of test statistics that are utilized for viewing the incompatibility and certainty of all the concepts starting from the null hypotheses. This needs elimination of shifting in the conventional importance for the threshold qualities by considering p constant at 0.00001 (Banerjee, 2014). Thus, re-attribution of true positives after the acceptance of statistical outcomes is considered. On the other hand, there are two key motives for replication of earlier studies. This explores the constraints for applying earlier outcomes for the purpose of future analysis. However, many factors have been mentioned within the article that is used for testing the hypotheses and this range from 1 % to 5 % based on the statistical issues (Miller Power, 2013). The author intends to work diligently in order to try out the other functional forms and proxies on the basis of the econometric assumptions. However, there are certain non-important data that effects from false positives after the comparison of the replicated work (Vosslamber, 2013). This aims to highlight on the attributes that help to examine the level of importance and this depends on the sample as well as the residual variance at similar point of time. It can be said that there are various limitations regarding the study. These include - the lack of interest in the arithmetical values of constraints and thus, face inadequate replication and have less confident as well as accepting observational findings. The other limitations include the informal construction of all the theoretical models for scrutinizing the test of gratuitous reliance that considers the logics of hypotheses and it has been found that the research is mostly dependent on the current system. Therefore, from all these it can be said that major improvement is needed by the researchers for the scope of future analysis as this will help in the process. On the basis of ad hoc, the aspects are considered and these include implementation of quantitative models after the maintenance of the relationship among the variables. However, there are numerous models that are utilized for analysis of the research in a well-designed manner (Wagenhofer, 2015). It needs extreme measurem ent of the concepts after the comparison of this with the re-invention of the dimension. It can also be said that consistent measurement concerns the audit that have high complexity level for guessing the parameters. Conclusion On the basis of the detailed analysis, it can be said that the particular article scrutinizes those aspects that are associated with the ontology and epistemology. However, it is regarded as the understanding of the concept regarding existing accounting policies of research as this is utilized for regulating the programs of research. The particular section illustrates the process of implementation of accurate and relevant theoretical models in order to examine the highly specified and vulnerable concepts in detail. This needs implementation of improved measurement techniques that are able to test the theoretical models rigorously. Lastly, it can be said that the mean of selection process of relevant functional types of linear association between sole notions is also considered as an important factor. Reference Banerjee, B. (2014).Cost Accounting Theory and Practice. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Biondi, Y., Zambon, S. (Eds.). (2013).Accounting and business economics: Insights from national traditions. Routledge. Bonin, H. (2013).Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Deegan, C. (2012).Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C. (2013).Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C. (2016).Financial Accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Dobija, M., Kurek, B. (2013). Scientific provenance of accounting.International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies,1(2), 16-24. Freeman, R. J., Shoulders, C. D., Allison, G. S., Smith Jr, G. R., Becker, C. J. (2014). Governmental and nonprofit accounting: theory and practice.JPAEJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3, 441. Jones, S. (2015). Development of financial accounting theory.The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory, 1. Miller, P., Power, M. (2013). Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), 557-605. Quinn Jr, E. (2014). The Evolution of Accounting Theory in Response to Market Changes.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(10), 509. Smith, M., Tucker, B. (2013).Advanced Strategic Management Accounting: Theory and Practice. Cengage Learning Australia. Vosslamber, R. (2013). Accounting Theory: Research, Regulation and Accounting Practice.Pacific Accounting Review. Wagenhofer, A. (2015). Usefulness and implications for financial accounting.The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory, 341.

UNIT 9 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Essays - Human Development

UNIT 9: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE 1: State the three areas of change that developmental psychologists study, and identify three major issues in developmental psychology. Scientists who study physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the life cycle are called _____ DEVELOPMENTAL __ __ ____ PSYCHOLOGISTS ___. One of the major issues in developmental psychology concerns the relative importance of genes and experience in determining behavior; this is called the ______ NATURE _ _____/______ NURTURE ____ issue. A second developmental issue, _____ CONTINUITY ______/_____ STAGES _____, concerns whether developmental changes are gradual or abrupt. A third controversial issue concerns the tendency of personality and whether development is characterized by more ____ STAGES _______ over time or by change. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE NEWBORN OBJECTIVE 2: Describe the union of sperm and egg at conception. Conception begins when a woman's ____ OVARY_ _______ releases a mature________ EGG __________. The few ______ SPERM __________ from the man that reach the egg release digestive ____ ENZYMES____ ______ that eat away at the egg's protective covering. As soon as one sperm penetrates the egg, the egg's surface ______ BLOCKS _________ all other sperm. The egg and sperm _____ NUCLEI ________ fuse and become one. OBJECTIVE 3: Define zygote, embryo and fetus , and explain how teratogens can affect development. Fertilized human eggs are called ____ ZYGOTES__ _______. During the first week, the cells in this cluster begin to specialize in structure and function, that is, they begin to _____ DIFFERENTIATE ______. The outer part of the fertilized egg attaches to the _____ UTERINE _______ wall, forming the ___ PLACENTA __________. From about 2 until 8 weeks of age, the developing human, formed from the inner cells of the fertilized egg, is called a(n) ____ EMBRYO ________. During the final stage of prenatal development, the developing human is called a(n) ______ FETUS _______. Along with nutrients, a range of harmful substances known as ___ TERATOGENS ____ can pass through the placenta. Moderate consumption of alcohol during pregnancy ____ CAN AFFECT ______ (usually does not affect/can affect) the fetal brain. If a mother drinks heavily, her baby is at risk for the birth defects and mental retardation that accompany ______ FETAL _____ ___ ALCOHOL ______ ____ SYNDROME ___. OBJECTIVE 4: Describe some abilities of the newborn, and explain how researchers use habituation to assess infant sensory and cognitive abilities. When an infant's cheek is touched, it will vigorously search for a nipple, a response known as the ____ ROOTING _______ _______ REFLEX _______. American psychologist __ WILLIAM JAMES ___ believed that the newborn experiences a "blooming, buzzing confusion." This belief is _____ INCORRECT __ __ (correct/incorrect). Give some evidence supporting the claim that a newborn's sensory equipment is biologically prewired to facilitate social responsiveness. NEWBORNS REFLEXIVELY TURN THEIR HEADS IN THE DIRECTION OF HUMAN VOICES. THEY GAZE LONGER AT A DRAWING OF A HUMAN FACE THAN AT A BULL'S-EYE PATTERN. THEY FOCUS BEST ON OBJECTS ABOUT 8 TO 12 INCHES AWAY, WHICH IS ABOUT THE DISTANCE BETWEEN A NURSING INFANT'S EYES AND THE MOTHER'S. WITHIN DAYS, THEY RECOGNIZE THEIR MOTHER'S SMELL AND VOICE. To study infants' thinking, developmental researchers have focused on a simple form of learning called ____ HABITUATION _____, which involves a ______ DECREASE ________ in responding with repeated stimulation. Using this procedure, researchers have found that infants can discriminate ____ COLORS ____, _____ SHAPES _______, and ___ SOUNDS _______; they also understand some basic concepts of ___ NUMBERS _____ and ____ PHYSICS _____. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD OBJECTIVE 5: Describe some developmental changes in a child's brain, and explain why maturation accounts for many of our similarities. The developing brain ______ OVER _________ (over/under) produces neurons, with the number peaking at ____ 28 WEEKS _____ (what age?). At birth the human nervous system ______ IS NOT _________(is/is not) fully mature. Between 3 and 6 years of age, the brain is developing most rapidly in the ____ FRONTAL _________ lobes, which enable __ RATIONAL _____ ___ PLANNING ___. After puberty, a process of ____ PRUNING___ ______ shuts down some neural connections and strengthens others. Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior are called ___ MATURATION ____. OBJECTIVE 6: Outline four events in the motor development

One of the book, which has influenced my thinking Essays - Economy

One of the book, which has influenced my thinking Essays - Economy one of the book, which has influenced my thinking a lot. This book introduced the Theory of Constraints to the world of business and has made its way to B-Schools as a textbook. Eliyahu Goldratt has done an excellent job in explaining his theory using a novel-style writing. It is a story of a struggling plant manager to improve his plant's performance and save it from closure. The expert in this story provoked the main character to "derive his solutions by supplying the question marks instead of exclamation marks" . If your organization/plant faces the classic problem of Quality, Cost Delivery: " why can't we consistently get a quality product out the door on time at the cost that can beat the competition? " or if you have a plant manager who is " always promoting some new thing he's doing, and most of the time what he's doing isn't any different from the things everyone else is doing ", then you better read this book and make others to read it as well. The important lessons one will learn from this text are summarized below. This will be beneficial to you only if you have read this book once and would like a recap. If you have not read the book yourself, then do not expect to gain the understanding of these concepts from this post. The goal of an organization is to make money by increasing net profit , while simultaneously increasing ROI and cash flow. Three critical measurement to achieve this goal and develop operational rules to successfully run a business are: throughput, inventory, and operational expenses. Inventory is turned into throughput by incurring operational expenses. So, the real goal is to: Increase throughput while simultaneously reducing both inventory and operating expense. Every process is a set of dependent events...in combination with statistical fluctuations. What's happening isn't an averaging out of the fluctuations in our various speeds, but an accumulation of the fluctuations. And mostly it's an accumulation of slowness - because dependency limits the opportunities for higher fluctuations. Balance flow, not capacity. A system of local optimums is not an optimum system at all; it is a very inefficient system. The numbers are meaningless unless they are based upon the constraints of the system. Bottlenecks dictate inventory as well as throughput. So, the Theory of Constraints is postulated as: Identify the system's constraint(s). Decide how to exploit the system's constraints. Subordinate everything else to the above decision. Elevate the system's constraint(s). If in the previous steps, a constraint has been broken, go back to Step 1, but do not cause inertia to cause a system's constraint. The Goal is a very compelling novel. Novel, HUH!! Who ever heard of a novel about a production plant? Well, Eli has made the production managers have quite an epiphany. In one book he might have changed the whole world of cost accounting. Eli approached the production world with a common sense view. Using just one goal, making money, he referenced every activity to it. Eli said, "I view science as nothing more than an understanding of the way the world is and why it is that way." You see, Eli is a physicist, and in being one, has to understand why things work the way they do. His common sense approach is illustrated beautifully in this novel. He has looked at cost accounting from the outside and has developed a whole new system because of it. Everyone from accountants to production managers to CEO's should read this book. Because of its fundamentals, it should be part of the curriculum of every accounting program. This novel has and continues to help the industry to make strides toward continuous improvement. Chapter One The first chapter gets the reader acquainted with Mr. Alex Rogo and his apparent problems with his production plant. This is shown through a confrontation between Mr. Rogo and his boss Mr. Peach, the Division Vice President. The dispute is over an overdue order #41427. Through their conversation it's learned that Mr. Peach will not settle for anything less than the order being shipped today, and since the plant is neither productive nor profitable, Alex has three months to

How to Call in Sick Without Putting Your Job at Risk

How to Call in Sick Without Putting Your Job at Risk Calling in sick has almost fallen out of fashion. Ever heard of â€Å"presenteeism†? That’s the idea that really committed employees come to work no matter what- even when they shouldn’t. Don’t buy into this theory–there are definitely  legitimate reasons for calling in sick from time to time. Follow these rules to make sure you’re using this rare privilege appropriately.1. If you’re really sick,  please stay home.If you have a virulent new cold- or the flu- or any other highly contagious situation, STAY HOME. You won’t be productive, and you could get other people sick and then take down everyone’s productivity. Stay home for a day or two and come back refreshed. Your team will thank you.Oh, and a hangover does not count. Have an aspirin and some coffee and get your butt to work. You can’t call in â€Å"bad choices.†2. Protect your mental health.If you really need a mental health day, take one. Try sche duling in advance to avoid leaving your colleagues in the lurch. If you need to take one spontaneously, it can be okay to use a sick day. A simple â€Å"stomach bug† ought to do the trick, without requiring you to invent many details. Tickets to something cool don’t count as reasons to take a mental health day, by the way. Keep it legit.3. Assess the number of sick days to take.Does your job even give sick days? It’s a sad world when we have to ask this question, but if you don’t have any sick time, or you’ll be taking a pay cut by staying home, you’ll have to be even more discerning making your day-of decision. But again, if you’re contagious- especially if you work for the elderly or in food service- you just might have to stay home.4. Follow the rules.Remember that employee handbook you got on hiring? Look up the protocol for whom to notify and how to set up an away message on your voice and email. Make sure the chain of command is notified. Protect yourself from scrutiny. When in doubt, think about how your boss and coworkers have reacted to others calling in sick, and try to make it as uncomplicated on yourself as possible.5. Make it easy for your team.If you routinely do good and thorough work, keep your team updated, and keep all shared files and resources updated and ready for anyone to jump in and use, then taking a sick day won’t ruin anyone else’s week. Make a habit of keeping your tasks in order and dotting all your ‘i’s at the end of every day. This will make it easier for you to tag out for one day when you’re really suffering.6. Take care of your family.If you have a sick kid at home, stay home and take care of them if you can. Or if your spouse or aging parent needs urgent care, make that a priority. Most workplaces will be tolerant of a few of these emergency situations per year- just make sure you don’t abuse the privilege. Only take it when you have to and it’s legit.7. Be smart and safe.If there’s a hurricane or blizzard or monsoon out there and you don’t have a safe and ready way to work, it’s okay to stay home. Don’t put yourself in bodily danger navigating dodgy roads to get to work. That said, if the weather isn’t seriously dangerous, you should just suck it up. Sometimes it rains.8. Understand that things happen.If your toilet explodes, or you have a job interview, or something else emergent comes up, it’s okay to call in sick. Just make sure you have a really good reason and that you don’t pull this trick too often. Take care of yourself, but be sure to also take care of your job.

Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Life - Essay Example This particular speech reverses the pride and confidence that the young black girl had felt about her as the speaker constantly reminds her of her â€Å"unfortunate† place in the hierarchy of things within the white supremacist state of things. However, the speech of Mr Reeds serves to restore this pride as the young girl is made once again to believe in herself (Angelou 74). This poem marks a journey for the young girl from the point of innocence to that of truth. She is confronted by the hard reality of racism as it represents itself in the external world. From this point, the girl is then empowered to appreciate her identity and not accept any systems or discourses that are designed to diminish the girl’s self-identity. As such, the awakening experience helps her to live a better life. Similarly, Malcolm X’s story, â€Å"A Homemade Education† brings out the positive tone of the civil rights movement’s leader who taught himself a great deal about reading while in prison (Malcolm 56). It is a story that narrates the triumph of the human spirit amid the difficult and trying conditions of prison life. The ability to progress in reading and education outside the guidance of the formal system is a task that requires motivation and sacrifice. In essence, this story is meant to motivate the reader in a manner that would make him aspire to the kind of inner drive, which helped Malcolm X ascend to higher levels of knowledge. As such, the main themes of motivation, strength, and will power, which seem to inform the course of this story, are brought out as consequences of ambition and focus. Some qualities enabled Malcolm X to transform his life from that of a miscreant in the society to one of motivation, positive personality, and high levels of influenc e. Zora Hurston’s story â€Å"How it Feels to be Coloured Me† confronts the subject of racism in a forthright and creative manner. This story tells of how a young woman learns to come to terms with

Leadership Challenge and Charge Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Challenge and Charge - Research Paper Example Strategic thinking is similar to that of cognitive ability. Strategic thinking involves proper analysis of the problem. It does not end with mere analysis of the problem, instead planning and arriving at a solution is also considered as strategic thinking. The team leader or the manager should analyze the problems in all perspectives so that the corresponding decision or solution eradicates the problem. Another important factor is managing change and strategic thinking revolves around this concept which highlights the most prominent features of this concept. The cognitive ability, strategic thinking and analytical skills are considered as the basic requirement of a leader. Decision making skill is also one among the most important skills which a leader should possess. It is the ability to arrive at a decision based on the problem and in certain cases it might also depend on a particular situation. (Manning & Curtis, 2003). Apart from these factors, the skill to manage the difference in opinion among the team members is also required. This skill brings about several changes in the organization and hence it is considered as the crucial one. The scenario changes after every decision and this is the main reason why a leader is expected to possess the decision making skill. Though these skills play a major role in shaping up a leader, the interpersonal skills are also equally important. The Art of Leadership also includes coaching ability and learning skills that will help the leader to manage the team effectively. (Grint, 2001). Team leaders or managers must know how to coach the team members or the trainees. This in turn will enable the employees to perf orm in a better way. The interaction with the team increases the productivity of the organization as it motivates the employees to work towards achieving their goal. The art of leadership not only covers these skills, but

Novel by Haruki Murakami Essay Example for Free

Novel by Haruki Murakami Essay The short story â€Å"On Seeing the 100% Perfect Girl One Beautiful April Morning† by Haruki Murakami connects with the reader through the idea that you can encounter true love by chance. Unfortunately, that chance can get away from you without any real action from yourself. The story is set in Tokyo in 1981 on what is described as a beautiful April morning. It sounds like a regular day, what made it beautiful for the main character was that he saw the girl that was 100% perfect girl for him. The methods of fiction help us better understand and connect to stories. The narration is done in the first and third person points of view. The first person point of view inserts the reader into the situation, making the story very personal. The third person narrative gives a different, larger perspective on the story and gives us more of an insight into the concept of chance. From a characterization stand point the main character is portrayed as a regular person and really only encounters a regular girl but in his eyes, she is really more like a girl from another world. There is one other person in the story but only provides a little bit of dialogue and is not developed at all. The third person narrative develops the two different main characters in ways first person does not. The overall tone of the story is somber. The idea of once having your true love so close then letting â€Å"fate† run its course only to never feel the same way again is depressing As a whole, this story connects the reader to an event that many have probably encountered in their life; seeing the perfect person, just for a second but not taking action. We go on with our lives and think nothing of it but this story delves a bit deeper into a possible scenario connecting the two people. In the end however, the characters still lose each other.

Arguments for and Against Abortion Essay -- Christian Bible Religious

Arguments for and Against Abortion An abortion is also known as a termination, meaning to terminate, to stop. An abortion is when you stop a pregnancy, by removing the foetus from the womb. Many people frown upon abortions, as they see them as the killing of a life. Other people believe that it is a ‘potential’ life, and that a foetus is not considered to be a child. Some people feel that in a situation where the prospective parents are told their unborn child may be disabled, an abortion is acceptable. The situation mostly frowned upon is abortion for social reasons e.g. the mother cannot afford to bring up the child, is too young to have a child, it is not the right time for having a child. A foetus can be removed from the womb by means of abortion, no later than 24 weeks into the pregnancy. This is presently considered to be the â€Å"point of viability†, as after this time, with the use of modern technology, a foetus is capable of surviving outside the womb. Originally, the point of viability was 28 weeks, but developments in technology have changed this. Doctors consider an abortion to be ‘late’ if it is after 12 weeks into the pregnancy, as the foetus is more difficult to remove than in the earlier stages of pregnancy. A pregnant woman must find two doctors who will grant permission for an abortion, before one can take place. Both doctors need to agree that the pregnancy would be a risk to the mother’s physical or mental state, or cause her or her family injury (a social clause). What the Christian Bible Says ----------------------------- In this section of my essay, I am going to use quotes to show... ...oo young to work full time, they could not support a child financially or run a home. They would be unable to provide the child with it’s basic needs. It may be in some cases of teenage pregnancy, there would be support from parents, and they would help them raise their child. The decision for a young person to have a child, is a very hard one, as they would need to support of others, in order to be able to raise their child. Because of these factors, I feel that teenagers should have the right to abort their pregnancy. However, I disagree with abortions for some social reasons. Someone who has a decent home, and is able to provide for a child, should not abort their pregnancy, as they should be capable of raising their child. A child’s life should not be taken away, just because it is an inconvenience.

Case Sample Response Quinte MRI Essay

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Quinte MRI is BCMC service provider for MRI since February. Quite has been chosen to replace the existing service provider as BCMC wanted to increase the number of days available for MRI from two. BCMC were aware of Quinte impressive capabilities, such as 24 hrs per day and 7 days/week, and Haider’s integrity and personal attentiveness. MRI clinic operations in May and now is June and there are some issues. There is a backlog for the machine, the technician is working lots of works overtime, the doctors are getting their results late so they began to refer patients to competitors  MRI. The identified root cause for all of these issues is that the process is not fed properly that’s why the capacity is low. By feeding the process we mean in this case the scheduling of the patients. The alternative proposed is to change the way the schedule of the patients is done now and some changes in the process. We might expect some resistance from the doctors as they will have to m ake sure that they don’t refer for MRI patients which do not fit. Also a scan an hour will be booked. After monitoring and control in two months will be decided if a part time technologist will be hired. 2. ISSUE IDENTIFICATION Immediate issues Walk-ins patients. The expected lead time for referred patients is 48hrs but some patients called walk-ins requested scan that day. It is a significant number of walk-ins patients per year, 600, as the number of referred patients per year is 1600. If we consider these numbers: 250 operating days per year and 600 walk-ins, this means average 2.4 walk-ins per day. Patients not fit for MRI. If a technologist determined that the patient does not fit to MRI the patient is sent home and the machine is idle. This means an average 1.2 patients/day, it is a lot. Non-metal clothing. The patient is requested to wear non metal clothing to the scan to be performed. If not the patient has to change in hospital gown. 25% of the patients are in this category, this is a lot. Loss of patients referrals As the waiting list for MRI scans is 14 days old the doctors refers patients for MRI to competition clinics Complains from hospital administrators about: MR machine low productivity, the strain resulting from MR technologist’s heavy overtime schedule, loss of patient referrals Late transcriptions report Doctors expected to receive transcriptions reports within two days of their request which didn’t happen so they started to refer the patients to some other MRI BCMC was dissatisfied because of the loss of referrals by Quinte MRI MR technologist and machine low productivity The machine was scheduled for one scan per hour but was not meeting this rate. MR technologist not willing to work too much overtime as he does now. Systemic issues Process and capacity issues. There is a issue with the existing process which causes an issue for the capacity. These create the backlog which then create  a bullwhip effect. 3. ENVIRONMENT AND ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS SWOT Analysis Strengths: is a growing business; it maintained a variety of exclusive or partnership business arrangements; its equipment and components were from many leading; manufacturers; impressive capabilities; Haider’s integrity and personal attentiveness; availability for 24hrs/day, 7days/week; the machine was new, only six weeks old Weaknesses: 1 one machine available with the capacity of two patients/hr; for 25 of the scans the scanning is 45min so less than two scans/hr; the hospital would pay the radilologist and schedule the clinic; only one technician which works too much overtime and he is willing to work less in the future Opportunities: MRI had become increasingly popular with the medical profession; the number of procedures grows a lot every ear; the number of scans grows a lot as well; the number of hospitals and non-hospitals scanning sites had risen as well a lot; BCMC has been located in a very good location with doctors, hospital beds, over 20 specialties,; there is ro om for competition; the forecast anticipates that MRI scans will grow with 15% yearly Threads: MRI equipment represents a significant investment; the facility requires space and the equipment requires shielding from magnetic fields; there is a shortage of good MR technologists, especially in rural areas, not easy to find a person willing to work part time Root cause – looking at the issues and considering the environment, the identified root cause is that the process is not fed properly that’s why the capacity is low. By feeding the process we mean in this case the scheduling of the patients. 4. ALTERNATIVES AND OR OPTIONS There is proposed the following alternative. Alternative. In this alternative there are proposed some changes in the existing system as: the scheduling system to be computerized as this will eliminate the misreading caused by different hand writings; for eight hour shift to have scheduled eight patients as this will allow room for the technologist to send on time to the radiologist the scans faster so the radiologist will not complain and he will also send faster the results to the doctors. Scheduling only eight patients a day might lead to some extra  time which can be used for walk-in patients as well; the doctor should never refer for MRI scanning a patient which is not physical able. In this way we will eliminate the idle times of the machine. When the doctor assistant contact for appointment they have to have this in writing-the patient is able for MRI; the patient has to come with 30 min before the appointment to fill out the forms and change in hospital gown. In this way we will eliminate the delay when the technologis t finds out that the patient is not prepared and he has to wait till he changes his clothes. In two months if there are not the expected changes, we will try to hire a part time technologist and pay overtime to the existing one until we find one. With part time shift we will cover 12 hours a day. In this way we will increase the number of scans in the future. The challenges that we will have with this alternative might be: convincing the BCMC to implement the computerized scheduled and follow our schedule suggestions or let our receptionist to do the schedule; the resistance from doctors as they will not have to refer the patients which are not fit for MRI; eight patients/day means 2000/year without overtime or walk-ins which is less than we do today 1600 refered+600walkins. We might not be able to scan average 10/day and this means less than we do now but still these will be happy patients, not waiting, not wrong schedule, radiologists and doctors happy; we still might need a part time person for the future so we will be able to grow and have vacation coverage. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS The alternative above it is recommended to be implemented. This will involve changes in scheduling system and also in the scanning process. 6. IMPLEMENTATION What Who When Doctors to refer fit patients only BCMC operation manager Immediate for long term New scheduling system Quinte MRI Operation Manager In two weeks Patients to arrive 30min early Quinte MRI Operation Manager Immediate Sending the patients to change room to put gown on and waiting there for the technolog. Receptionist immediate 7. MONITOR AND CONTROL The Quinte MRI operation manager will analyze weekly the number of scans (referral scans and walk-in scans), the number of the patients which are  sent home without scan and the reason, the number of wrong recordings in the schedule (scan A and B instead of A and D), how much idle time, how often the scans are sent to the technologists. At every two weeks a cross-functional team with the following members will analyze the weekly numbers that Quinte OPS manager has, the radiologist number of scans received, how often the doctors get their results and the number of days in backlog. Cross-functional team members: Quinte MRI ops manager, BCMC ops manager, BCMC information technology, David and Kevin buss development coordinators. Meeting after two months and deciding whether or not to hire a part time MRI technologist.

Obesity Essay Introduction Essay

In the process of evolution, a human body has adapted to accumulate a supply of nutrients in the amount of food for expending it in conditions of forced absence or restriction of provision. This kind of evolutionary advantage allowed us to survive in difficult times. In ancient period, fatness was considered as a sign of well-being, prosperity, fertility, and health. An example is the sculpture of Venus of Willendorf, dated 22nd millennium BC. E. A careful attitude to own weight is a trend of the present time. The lifestyle of a modern person is often far from what doctors and elementary common sense recommend. Constant stress and inability to have a good rest lead to one of the simplest and cheapest ways to relax like absorption of high-calorie food. As a result, a wide-scale disease in megacities becomes obesity, but it can be prevented by conducting regular laboratory diagnostics. Obesity is a widespread illness, characterized by excessive development of adipose tissue. The problem frequently occurs with age, when motor activity decreases, and a number of vital body systems fail. The genesis of fatness is mostly caused by a violation of the balance between energy intake and its expenditure of the body. Excess calories, i.e. not consumed by an organism, are converted to grease, which accumulates in fat stores. We are talking about subcutaneous tissue, epiploon, abdominal wall, internal organs, etc. An increase in fat stores leads to addition in body weight and disruption of many systems. The basis of an appearance of primary obesity is an alimentary factor associated with an enhanced energy value of the diet at low energy costs. The mentioned type develops as an output of the predominance in a menu of carbohydrates and animal grease or disruption of dietary patterns, which often carries a family predisposition. Calories contained in fats contribute more to weight gain than those involved in proteins and carbohydrates. Hypodinamy significantly reduces an ability of muscles to oxidize grease. Secondary fatness accompanies such hereditary syndromes as Babinsky-Frohlich’s disease, Gelino syndrome, Lawrence-Myan-Barde-Biddle syndrome, etc. Symptomatic obesity may also happen against a background of various cerebral lesions. Similar changes in eating behavior occur as a result of the violation of a hypothalamic-pituitary regulation, which is responsible for controlling behavioral responses. Their genesis is also facilitated by a number of factors, such as a low-activity lifestyle, genetically caused disorders of enzyme activity, errors in nature or dietary, some endocrine pathologies, stress, lack of sleep, and the use of psychotropic or hormonal drugs. Obesity’s presence within a certain patient entails the need for a number of laboratory tests necessary for finding out the reasons and an appointment of adequate therapy. Analyzes allow you to assess liver function, parameters of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, a state of the reproductive system, the functioning of the thyroid gland. Thus, every person suffering from fatness could have own motivation for weight loss: cosmetic effect, reducing the risk to health, improving efficiency, a desire to wear smaller clothes or a wish to look good. However, goals and its rates should be real and directed, first of all, to reduce dangers of obesity-related complications. With hereditary predisposition, at the age of 40 years, in conditions of hypodinamy, it needs to limit consumption of carbohydrates, fats, transit to the diet of protein and plant foods. For the prevention of obesity, a person with a normal weight is enough to spend calories and energy as much as he or she gets them during the day.

Police Brutality misc1 essays

Police Brutality misc1 essays But they didnt have to beat me this bad. I dont know what I did to be beat up. Rodney King, March 3, 1991. Police brutality has been a long lasting problem in the United States since at least 1903 when police Captain Williams of the New York Police Departmen coined the phrase, There is more law at the end of a policemans nightstick than in a decision of the Supreme Court. In the 1920s the Wichersham Commission had a number of instances of police brutality. Many of these included the use of the third degree (beating to obtain a confession). This is a very effective way to get a confession out of somebody. However, beating the accused could easily elicit a confession from a scared and innocent person. Also, this puts the accused persons life in danger. Police officers must make snap life and death decisions daily. Officers work in an environment where death (theirs, their partners, and an innocent or guilty person) is one decision away. How does that constant fear effect an officers perception? Unfortunately, many that are attracted to law enforcement are aggressive and prone towar ds violence as a solution. Police officers have a lot of power. With this power comes responsibility. Police brutality can be defined as the excessive or unreasonable use of force in dealing with citizens, suspects and offenders. A nationally known example occurred on the morning of March 3, 1991. Rodney King was pulled out of his vehicle and beaten by two Los Angeles police officers. The LAPD had originally given chase to Mr. Kings vehicle due to a failure to yield. Officers fired a 50,000-volt Taser electric dart gun at Mr. King. They also hit King with batons. Mr. King, according to police officials, was hit approximately 56 times. Mr. King had 11 broken bones at the base of his skull. Also, the bones holding his eye in the right socket were broken (LA ...

10 Tips to Avoid Getting Stung By a Bee

10 Tips to Avoid Getting Stung By a Bee Being stung by a bee or wasp is never fun, and for those with bee sting allergies, it can be downright deadly. Fortunately, most bee stings are entirely avoidable. Bees, wasps, and hornets sting primarily to defend themselves, so the key to avoiding bee stings is to make sure the bees dont feel threatened by you. 1. Dont Wear Perfumes or Colognes In other words, dont smell like a flower. Bees can detect and follow strong scents, and wearing perfumes or colognes will attract nectar-seeking bees and wasps from a distance. Once they find the source of the flower smell (you), theyre likely to investigate by landing on you or buzzing around your body. 2. Avoid Wearing Brightly Colored Clothing, Especially Floral Prints This goes along with #1 - dont look like a flower, either. Theres a reason beekeepers wear white. If youre wearing bright colors, you are just asking bees to land on you. Keep your outdoor wear limited to khaki, white, beige, or other light colors if you dont want to attract bees. 3. Be Careful What You Eat Outdoors Sugary foods and drinks will attract bees and wasps for sure. Before you take a sip of your soda, look inside the can or glass and make sure a wasp hasnt gone in for a taste. Fruits also attract the stinging crowd, so pay attention when snacking on ripe fruits outdoors. Dont leave your peach pits or orange peels sitting around. 4. Dont Walk Barefoot Bees may nectar on clover blossoms and other small flowers in your lawn and some wasps make their nests in the ground. If you step on or near a bee, its going to try to protect itself and sting you. But if youre wearing shoes, its only going to hurt itself, not you. 5. Try Not to Wear Loose-Fitting Clothes Bees and wasps might just find their way up your pant leg or into your shirt if you give them an easy opening. Once inside, they will be trapped against your skin. And whats your first impulse when you feel something crawling around inside your clothing? You slap at it, right? Thats a recipe for disaster. Opt for clothing with tighter cuffs, and keep baggy shirts tucked in. 6. Stay Still The worst thing you can do when a wasp flies around your head is swat at it. What would you do if someone took a swing at you? If a bee, wasp, or hornet comes near you, just take a deep breath and stay calm. Its just trying to determine if you are a flower or some other item useful to it, and once it realizes youre just a person, it will fly away. 7. Keep Your Car Windows Rolled Up Bees and wasps have an uncanny knack for getting themselves trapped in cars, where they will buzz around in a panic trying to find a way out. If youre driving the car at the time, this can certainly be unsettling. But wasps and bees cant get inside a car thats closed up, so keep the windows rolled up whenever possible. If you do find yourself giving a ride to an unwanted stinging insect, pull over when its safe to do so and roll your windows down. Dont try to swat at it while you are driving! 8. Rinse Your Garbage and Recycling Cans and Keep Lids on Them Wasps love empty soda and beer bottles and will check out any food waste in your garbage, too. Dont let food residue build up on your garbage cans. Rinse them well now and then, and always put tight-fitting lids on them to keep wasps away from your garbage. This can substantially cut down on the number of wasps hanging around your yard. 9. Dont Hang out in the Flower Garden If youre really worried about bee stings, dont hang out where the bees are most numerous. Bees spend most of their time and energy collecting nectar and pollen from flowers. Dont get in their way. If youre deadheading flowers or gathering them for an arrangement, keep an eye out for bees and wait until theyve moved on to another flower. 10. Call a Professional to Have Unwanted Bees, Wasps, or Hornets Removed Nothing makes a stinging insect angrier than when someone disturbs or destroys its home. Professional beekeepers or pest control experts can remove wasp or hornet nests or bee swarms safely, without putting you at risk for stings.

The Collapse of the U.S.S.R Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Collapse of the U.S.S.R - Research Paper Example Communism as an alternative economic order was argued to have been â€Å"designed to avoid the wasteful and chaotic competition of capitalism and to move the country quickly ttoward industrial development.† (Strayer, 1998, page 6). It was the economy of Soviet Union that had given the material foundation for the country to become victorious in the Second World War. It also viewed as a model of rapid industrial growth for a number of Third World countries. Such was a planned economy which believed in the power of the state to plan and dictate what needs to be produced for users and consumers (Strayer, 1998). This paper will attempt to explain the collapse of USSR as a regime in the light of the experience of other empires, in relation to how ordinary mortals behave and the underlying concepts of communism and alternative economic order of capitalism Soviet was known to have its huge and growing military expertise during the Cold War. However such claims to superpower status were believed to be grounded on breakable and weakening economic foundation as seen in the 1970s and 1980s. This weak economic condition was said to have been caused by an "imperial overstretch". (Strayer, 1998, p.17). Instead of prioritizing its economic needs, USSR needed to join or maintain the race for nuclear and conventional weapons. This was also the reason why USSR made its expensive commitments in Eastern Europe and Third World. This heavy spending was believed to have undermined strongly its domestic consumer economy in the process. The Soviet leadership was aware of the problems of relationship between its international standing and declining economic base and the perception substantially caused the needed reform. Reform efforts in the late 1980s because of these perceived problems in the regime were actually made but they were not enough to prevent the collapse. The failure of communism as

Review Of Article Doing Gender In Cyberspace Essay

Review Of Article Doing Gender In Cyberspace - Essay Example It is easy to understand why Eklund would be interested in understanding the driving forces behind the sexual development of these female or male avatars (as the case may be). The internet and these online games have long been viewed by society as an escape from the real world. It is an alternate universe where they can be the exact opposite of who they are in real life. Ergo, women can be men, men can be women, and queer online relationships can exist where it would be frowned upon in the real world. All of that existing because gender is not one of the foremost concerns when playing the game.Through this study, Eklund was able to prove that gender, sexuality, and identity covers a wider context and meaning in the online gaming world. There are no gender issues here because gender does not exist. The gender of the person is instead determined by the actions that the player takes during gameplay. By doing these movements repeatedly, the natural being is created and-and congealed to m imic the appearance of substance within the avatar. In understanding the context of this belief, it becomes obvious that the writer is insinuating that gender and role development is something that becomes normal for people due to the repetition of various actions and social expectations.These social expectations are carried over by the female players of the game into the virtual reality world of WoW where they create avatar versions of themselves based upon what they believe would be considered as normal in the online world. However, the online world leaves them with certain leeway to experience gender and sexual freedom because of the way that the player can control the avatar movement and interactions. These women players choose to create avatars that they can identify with or in effect, use avatars that best represent who they wish they could be in the real world. [329] It appears that women who play online games using female avatars do so because they feel a sense of empowerment while playing the game. Since nobody is really assured of the actual gender of the person they are playing with or against in WOW women feel that the playing field is leveled and that they are able to play to the best of their abilities and in the process, power up their avatars. [328] Being a gamer myself, I have experienced gender swapping my avatars just to see if I would play any better as a male or female representation of myself. Contrary to what the author's interviews revealed, I realized that using a

Fake News the Epidemic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fake News the Epidemic - Essay Example Basically, in opinion news is the real or accurate information about the event in societies. For example, local weather news stations are what would be called real news because really can't lie about the weather. Another example of real news would be nature disaster that happens around the world. There has been a call for a state of natural disaster to be declared in the parts of New Caledonia worst hit by Cyclone Cook on Monday (Call for state of natural disaster in New Caledonia, April 2017). In early March, unprecedented rainfall brought extreme flooding to Peru, leaving 94 dead and almost a quarter of a million without homes so far (Delaney Chambers, April 2, 2017). Another form of News can describe in sports. "Jimmy Butler scored 22 points, Rajon Rondo finished one rebound shy of a triple-double and the Bulls beat the Boston Celtics 111-97 on Tuesday night to take a 2-0 lead in their series against the No. 1 seed in the Eastern Conference" (Bulls beat top-seeded Celtics 111-97 t o take 2-0 series lead, April 19, 2017). Overall there are many forms real news but fake news is still a growing epidemic in 2017 society. Fake news, or hoax news, refers to false information or propaganda published under the guise of being authentic news (Forrest Stroud, n.d.). In layman terms, the Fake news is information that someone or a group of people decided was accurate information. For example, the "pizzagate" conspiracy theory end in 28-year-old Edgar Welch shooting gun inside of a Washington D.C. pizzeria.

Why Ethnic Minority Women Stay In Abusive Relationships Sociology Essay

Why Ethnic Minority Women Stay In Abusive Relationships Sociology Essay The problem of abusive relationships has attracted national attention in England and Wales. Historically Domestic violence has a strongly entrenched patriarchal system, which gives men proprietary rights over women. Traditional and cultural values as means of resolving conflict are critical in shaping and perpetuating violence of men toward women. A womans social status is believed to be derived by her relative position to a man that is as a daughter, wife, girlfriend or mother of his children. One solution to ending the abuse and leading violence free lives would be to leave the relationship. While this is a possible solution it should be noted that in order for women to leave it requires enormous restructuring of material, physical and social relations strategies. What makes the ethnic minority women stay in abusive relationships? A qualitative feminist research methodology was used with a convenience sample of 8 women who agreed to participate in the study. In depth interviews were conducted with the participants to explore the perceptions and experiences of ethnic minority women in abusive relationships. A number of themes that emerged from the study suggested clearly womens perceptions and experiences to remain in their abusive relationships. These themes relate to commitment, staying because of children, cultural beliefs, economic dependence and lack of social support. Chapter 1 Introduction Domestic violence is a social phenomenon that is universal and perverts society at all levels, Hague (1998). Domestic violence is one of the most common crimes and is present throughout society, usually hidden but there none-the-less. Violence towards women by intimate partners is a social problem of enormous proportion. The impact of domestic violence is broad and substantial with serious consequences not only for the women who are victimised but also for their children and society at large. According to the United Nations Domestic Violence is an act of gender based violence that results in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women including threats of such acts of cohesion, arbitrary deprivation of liberty whether occurring in public or private life. The United Kingdom government adopted a gender neutral definition, any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional) between adults who are or have been intimate partner or family members regardless of gender or sexuality. Activists working in the area of domestic violence reiterated that, if domestic violence is so common and the abuse that bad, why do these women stay with the perpetrator. The answer is perplexing and thought provoking and without being judgemental, can be painfully obvious. Professionals, including social workers who work directly with victims of domestic violence often find themselves scratching their heads at the decisions women make when they are victims of domestic violence and why they remain in those abusive relationships. The study aims to explore why ethnic minority women in England and Wales remain in abusive marital relationships despite the risks of being hurt, both physically and psychologically during the abusive episodes as well as the coping mechanism they employ to cope with the violence. This study emerged from a great interest that developed from an inspirational work with victims of Domestic Violence in a womens Refuge during my Second Year Placement in 2011.I had the opportunity to deliver a domestic violence awareness programme to the women in the refuge. The victims were mainly from the ethnic minority community. The women shared vital information regarding their experiences with the abuser. It is this indebtedness that has provoked an eagerness, to explore subject further. Aims of the study: To explore the lived experiences of ethnic minority women who remain in abusive relationships To explore the reasons why they remain in abusive relationships To explore their coping strategies in abusive marital relationships To discuss the theoretical perspective as to why ethnic minority stay in abusive relationships To identify the legislation regarding Domestic Violence in England and Wales To identify and discuss the implication to Social Work Practice To design a methodology Objectives: To determine the type of abuse that ethnic minority women in abusive marital relationship endure To explore how women construct their stay and the coping strategies employed to survive. To ascertain whether abused women in abusive marital relationships have access to support Chapter 2 😛 The researcher will review the literature Chapter 3: This chapter focuses on the research design and methods that the rearcher used in the study Chapter 4: This chapter will cover data collection analysis and interpretation Chapter 5: This chapter will cover discussion of the results and findings ,the wider question of the research and the conclusion.It will further make recommendations for future studies Literature Review Historical overview of domestic violence History reflects the enormous magnitude of the problem of violence against women. For centuries patriarchal norms dominated and women were considered to be the property of their husbands. Some postulate that woman abuse has its roots in Roman law, which permitted a husband to kill his wife if she committed a variety of offences (Stacey, Hazelwood Shupe, 1994). English Common law gave husbands the right to beat their wives with any reasonable instrument. These laws were maintained throughout Europe and America until the late 1800s when a few states rescinded this right. Domestic assaults continued and were termed domestic disputes. They were considered to be nuisance behaviour, not criminal. As a result they were not seriously in the criminal justice system until the past ten years when a variety of statutes were developed which specifically protect people from domestic abuse. Domestic violence and Patriarchy Dobash Dobash (2002) states that there are several legal and political ideologies supporting the idea that husbands have authority over their wives. The legal right of a man to use physical force against his wife is no longer explicitly recognised in England and Wales, however the legacy of the patriarchy continues to generate the conditions and relationships that lead to a husbands use of force against his wife (Dobash Dobash 2002).Patriarchal dominance is still supported by moral order which reinforce the marital hierarchy, making it difficult for women to struggle against the dominance. As a result womens struggles are therefore considered as wrong, immoral and a validation of the respect and loyalty a wife is support to give to her husband. The fact that Domestic violence is seen as a form of patriarchal dominance is irrefutable in light of historical evidence. The historical, legal and religious writings all contribute to the understanding of the status of women regarding domes tic violence. This status encompasses the explanation why women remain in abusive relationships. Culture ,religion and Patriarchy Domestic violence take on different forms within the BME communities (Richards 2004).Various tactics are employed by their partners to destroy self-esteem and prevent complaining or escape as echoed by Dasgupta (2000).Choudry(1996) noted that culturally specific abuse, includes threats to ruin a womans reputation among relatives, accusing women of instigating the abuse. Although domestic abuse tends to focus on intimate partner violence, However as Minhas 2002, Gill 2002 andGangoli 2004) observed that other members of the abusers family are cited as being involved in the violence. Violence connected to dowry can often underpin the extended familys involvement in the abuse (Dasgupta and Warrier, 1996). Cultural, social and religious norms may deter women from seeking help or exposing the problem through a prosecution, as they may fear censure from within their families or communities, or fail to receive the necessary validation to name their experience as victimisation (Hart 1996, Via no 1996, Erez 2000, Erez 2002, Raj Silverman 2002, Nicholson et al 2003). In BME communities, women face dishonour and rejection if they leave their partners, even if they do so as a result of domestic violence (Choudry 1996). A study in the Western Isles of Scotland (MacNeil et al 2004) demonstrates how some tight-knit communities can have strong cultural and religious norms which stress family privacy and non-interference, and attach considerable social shame to domestic violence, perceiving it to arise through victims failing in exercising family responsibilities. These factors can affect womens exposure to violence, and their ability to acknowledge its occurrence and seek or obtain community support. Domestic violence has been legitimised in law, religion, and in cultural ideologies of male dominance and womens inferiority (Gill 2004).In contrast, Hearn (1998) argues that although there have been some legal changes, cultural discourses of masculinity continue to inform mens justification for violence. In male-dominant cultures, the notion that women are responsible for upholding family honour remains a major force influencing law, religion and cultural values and shaping the nature of and responses to domestic violence (MacNeil 2004) For this reason it can be argued that in such cultures it may be difficult for women to leave or seek help to escape domestic violence because to do so would bring shame on the whole family and could result in community ostracisation.

Chef :: essays research papers

Chef This epic tale of love and deception takes us back in time to the year nineteen hundred and eighty seven. Early one morning in London, England, we find ourselves in the kitchen of Chef. This sweet mouthwatering scent of Salisbury steak fills the room. This was to be the finest steak Chef had ever prepared. He planned to enter a contest with this masterpiece, the prize being a cruise to Greenland. To Chef, this was the land of paradise. He would be the only man there to seduce and womanize the native females. The oven bell rang. The Salisbury steak was done to perfection. He rushed it to his finest Tupperware to the judges mouths. They chewed and gagged, but due to lack of contestants he won. He now had earned his passage to Greenland, and broke out in song. Time passed and the day of the cruise had arrived. It was time to board the ship. Dressed in his finest crushed velvet robe and lucky Chef’s hat, he set off. As the ship set away the Chef wandering the decks, taking in all of the sights and sounds. There on the main deck, he found his favorite spot. Shedding his robe, he stood in his fluorescent pink G-string. He approached a beautiful women sunning herself. He seductively blurted out “Woman your body is screaming for the oily touch of my strong black hands.'; At that moment she bursts into tears. He asked, “What’s wrong baby?'; She then explained to him that her name was Cartman, Mrs. Cartman. She had been forced into engagement with not only Mr. Garrison but Mr. Hat as well. The sorrow this caused her was too great, so she planned to end her life. The Chef then uttered back to her “Woman that would be a crime to ugly up a fine body like yours, let me take your picture and send to a fine quality, readin g periodical.'; Surprised at the offer she accepted. The Chef then escorted her to a more proper setting of his room. As he properly positioned her upon the couch, the Chef realized that he had no camera. Thinking quickly, he remembered the colored pencil he had in pocket. He knew it would be perfect, but still he asked, “Would mind if I traced the curves of your body with my dark colored pencil.'; She replied with an exciting giggle.

A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English

A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English I. Introduction Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest known activities in descriptive linguistics have been attributed to Panini around 500 BCE, with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi. The first subfield of linguistics is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of ruled followed by the users of a language.It includes the study of morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and phonology (sound system). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds and nonspeech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived. This paper is going to concentrate on part of morphology word formation, of the English language. Generally, in linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word.Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word’s meaning. The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define: a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form. Word formation can also be contrasted with the formation of idiomatic expressions, although words can be formed from multi-word phrases. There are various mechanisms of word formation and this paper is going to present them in detail with necessary explanations and examples. II. Methods of Word Formations 1. Agglutination.In contemporary linguistics, agglutination usually refers to the kind of morphological derivation in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between affixes and syntactical categories. Language that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages. Agglutinati ve languages are often contrasted both with language in which syntactic structure is expressed solely by means of word order and auxiliary words (isolating language) and with languages in which a single affix typically express several syntactic categories and a single category may be expressed by several different affixes (as is the case in the inflectional or fusional anguage). However, both fusional and isolating language may use agglutinative in the most-often-used constructs, and use agglutination heavily in certain contexts, such as word derivation. This is the case in English, which has an agglutinated plural maker – (e)s and derived words such as shame ·less ·ness. 2. Back-formation In etymology, back-formation is the process of creating a new lexeme, usually by removing actual or supposed affixes. The resulting neologism is called a back-formation, a term coined by James Murray in 1889.Back-formation is different from clipping – back-formation may change th e part of speech or the word’s meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from longer words, but does not change the part of speech or the meaning of the word. For example, the noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was the back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latinate words in the form of verb and verb + -ion pairs, such as opine/opinion.These became the pattern for many more such pairs, where a verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in ion entered the language together, such as insert/insertion, project/projection, etc. Back-formation may be similar to the reanalyzes of folk etymologies when it rests on an erroneous understanding of the morphology of the longer word. For example, the singular noun asset is a back-formation from the plural assets. However, assets is originally not a plural: i t is a loan-word from Anglo-Norman asetz (modern French assez).The –s was reanalyzed as a plural suffix. Many words came into English by this route: Pease was once a mass noun but was reinterpreted as a plural, leading to the back-formation pea. The noun statistic was likewise a back-formation from the field of study statistics. In Britain, the verb burgle came into use in the 19th century as a back-formation from burglar (which can be compared to the North American verb burglarize formed by suffixation). Even though many English words are formed this way, new coinages may sound strange, and are often used for humorous effect.For example, gruntled (from disgruntled) would be considered a barbarism, and used only in humorous contexts, such as by P. G. Wodehouse, who wrote â€Å"I wouldn’t say he was disgruntled, but by no stretch of the imagination could be described as gruntled†. He comedian George Gobel regularly used original back-formations in his humorous mo nologues. Bill Bryson mused that the English language would be richer if we could call a tidy-haired person shevelled – as an opposite to dishevelled. In the American sitcom Scrubs, the character Turk once said when replying to Dr. Cox, â€Å"I don’t disdain you!It’s quite the opposite – I dain you. † Back-formations frequently begin in colloquial use and only gradually become accepted. For example, enthuse (from enthusiasm) is gaining popularity, though it is still considered substandard by some today. The immense celebrations in Britain at the news of the relief of the Siege of Marketing briefly created the verb to maffick, meaning to celebrate both extravagantly and publicly. â€Å"Maffick† is a back-formation from Mafeking, a place-name that was treated humorously as a gerund or participle. There are many other examples of back-formation in the English language. . Acronym An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial components i n a phrase or a word. These components may be individual letters (as in CEO) or parts of words (as in Benelux and Ameslan). There is no universal agreement on the precise definition of various names for such abbreviations nor on written usage. In English and most other languages, such abbreviations historically had limited use, but they became much more common in the 20th century. Acronyms are a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending.There are many different types of the word-formation process acronym. Here are several pairs of them. (1) Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters, like the followings. AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (2) Pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters Amphetamine: alpha-mehyl-phenethylamine Interpol: International Criminal Police Org anization Nabisco: National Biscuit Company 3)Pronounced as a word, containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters Necco: New England Confectionery Company Radar: radio detection and ranging 4. Clipping In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. Clipping is also known as â€Å"truncation† or â€Å"shortening†. According to Marchand, clippings are not coined as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of a language. They originate as terms off a special group like schools, army, police, the medical profession, etc. in the intimacy of a milieu where a hint is sufficient to indicate the whole. For example, exam(ination), math(ematics), and lab(oratory) originated in school lang. while clipping terms of some influential groups can pass into common usage, becoming part of Standard English, clipping of a society unimportant class or group will remain group slang. Also, clipping mainly consi sts of the following types: back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping and complex clipping. (1) Back clipping Back clipping is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained.The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples are: ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym(gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt(muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music). (2) Fore-clipping Fore-clipping retains the final part. Examples are: chute (parachute), coon (raccoon), gator (alligator), phone (telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university). (3) Middle-clipping In middle clipping, the middle of the word is retained.Examples are: flu (influenza), jams or jammies (pajamas/pyjamas), polly (Apollinairs), shrink (head-shrinker), tec (detective). (4) Complex clipping Clipped dorms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples are : cablegram (cable telegram), opart (optical art), org-man (organization man), and linocut (linoleum cut). Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certification). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is not always clear.According to Bauer, the easiest way to draw the distinction is to say that those forms which retain compound stress are clipped compound, whereas those that take simple word stress are not. By this criterion bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro-am, photo op, sci-fi, and sitcom are all compounds made of clippings. 5. Semantic loan A semantic loan is a process of borrowing semantic meaning (rather than lexical items) from another language, very similar to the formation of calques.In this case, however, the complete word in the borrowing language already exists; the change is that its meaning is extended to i nclude another meaning its existing translation has in the leading language. Calques, loanwords and semantic loans are often grouped roughly under the phrase â€Å"borrowing†. Semantic loans often occur when two language are in close contact. 6. Compound In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme that consists of more than one stem, compounding or composition is the word formation that creates compound lexemes.Compounding or word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of a language to form new words by combing or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate from the meanings of the words in isolation. Also, there is incorporation formation. Incorporation is a phenomenon by which a word, usually a verb, forms a kind of compound with, for instance, its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original sy ntactic function.Incorporation is central to many polysynthetic languages such as those found in North America, but polysynthetic does not necessary imply incorporation. Neither does the presence of incorporation in a language imply that that language is polysynthetic. Though not regularly. English shows some instrument incorporation, as in breastfeed, and direct object incorporation, as in babysit. Etymologically, such verbs in English are usually back-formations: the verbs breastfeed and babysit are formed from the adjective breast-fed and the noun babysitter respectively.Incorporation and pain compounding many be fuzzy categories: consider backstabbing, name-calling, and axe-murder. In many cases, a phrase with an incorporated noun carries a different meaning with respect to the equivalent phrase where the noun is not incorporated into the verb. The difference seems to hang around the generality and definiteness of the statement. The incorporated phrase is usually generic and ind efinite, while the non-incorporated one is more specific. 7. ConversionIn linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word transformation: specifically, it is the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form. For example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green. Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English: much more remarked upon is the creation of a verb by converting a noun or other word (e. g. , the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean). 8. LoanwordA loanword (or loan word) is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept where the meaning or idiom is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself. The word loanword is itself a calque of the German Lehnwort, while calque i s a loanword from French. The terms borrow and loanword, although traditional, conflict with the ordinary meaning of those words because nothing is returned to the donor languages. However, note that this metaphor is not isolated to the concept of loanwords, but also found in the idiom â€Å"to borrow an idea. An additional issue with the term loanword is that it implies that the loaning is limited to one single word as opposed to deja vu, an English loanword from French. While this phrase may be used as one lexical item by English speakers, that is to say, an English speaker would not say only deja to convey the meaning associated with the full term deja vu, in the donor language (French), speakers would be aware of the phrase consisting of two words. For simplicity, adopt/adoption or adapt/adaption are used by many linguists, either in parallel to, or in preference to, these words.Some researchers also use the term lexical borrowing. Some English loanwords remain relatively faith ful to the donor language’s phonology, even though a particular phoneme might not exist or have contrastive status in English. The majority of English affixes, such as -un, –ing, and –ly, were present in older forms in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the agentive suffix –er, which is very prolific, is borrowed unlimitedly from Latin- arius. The English verbal suffix –ize comes from Greek –izein via Latin –izare. 9.Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia (common term is sound word) refers to the property of such words. Common occurrences of onomatopoeia include animal noises, such as â€Å"oink† or â€Å"meow† or â€Å"roar† or â€Å"chirp†. Some other very common English-language examples include hiccup, zoom, bang, beep, moo, and splash. Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia, as in honk or beep-beep for the horn of an automobile, and vroom or brum for the engine. When someone speaks of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity, the word â€Å"zap† is often used.For animal sounds, words like quack (duck), moo (cow), bark or woof (dog), roar (lion), meow or purr (cat) and baa (sheep) are typically used in English. Some of these words are used both as nouns and as verbs. Sometimes things are named from the sounds they make. In English, for example, there is the universal fastener which is named for the onomatopoeia of the sound it makes: the zip (in the UK) or zipper (in the U. S. ). many birds are named after their calls, such as the Bobwhite quail, the Weero, the Morepork, the killdeer, chickadee, the cuckoo, the chiffchaff, the whooping crane and the whip-poor-will. 0. Phono-semantic matching Phono-semantic matching (PSM) is a linguistic term referring to camouflaged borrowing in which a foreign word is matched with a phonetically and semantically similar pre-existent native word/root. It may alternatively be de fined as the entry of a multisourced neologism that preserves both the meaning and the proximate sound of the parallel expression in the source language, using pre-existent words/roots of the target language. Phono-semantic matching is distinct from calquing. While calquing includes (semantic) translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i. . retaining the proximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word/morpheme in the target language). Phone-semantic matching is also distinct from homophonic translation, which retains only the sound, and not the semantics. 11. Eponym An eponym is a person or thing, whether real or fictional, after which a particular place, tribe, era, discovery. Or other item is named or thought to be named. Eponyms are aspects of etymology. There are different types of eponym which come from various area.Places and towns can also be given an eponymous name through a relationship (real or imagined) to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek god Pelops. In historical times, new towns have often been named (and older communities renamed) after their founders, discoverers, or after notable individuals. Examples include Vancouver, British Columbia, named after the explorer George Vancouver; and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, originally called Isbister’s Settlement but renamed after Queen Victoria’s husband and consort in 1866.Also, in science and technology, discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer (or supposed discoverer) to honor some other influential workers. Examples are Avogadro’s number, he Diesel engine, Alzheimer’s disease, and the Apgar score. Because proper nouns are capitalized in English, the usual default for eponyms is to capitalize the eponymous part of a term. The common-noun part is not capitalized (unless it is part of a title or it is the first word in a sentence). F or example, in Parkinson disease (named after James Parkinson), Parkinson is capitalized, but disease is not.However, some eponymous adjectives are nowadays entered in many dictionaries as lowercases when they have evolved a common status, no longer deriving their meaning from the proper-noun origin. For example, Herculean when referring to Hercules himself, but often herculean when referring to the figurative generalized extension sense. For any given term, one dictionary may enter only lowercase or only cap, whereas other dictionaries may recognize the capitalized version as a variant, either equally common as, or less common than, the first-listed styling (marked with labels such as â€Å"or†, â€Å"also†, â€Å"often† or â€Å"sometimes†).English can use either genitive case or attributive position to indicate the adjectival nature of the eponymous part of the term. (In other words, that part may be either possessive or nonpossessive. ) Thus Parkinson ’s disease and Parkinson disease are both acceptable. Medical dictionaries have been shifting toward nonpossessive styling in recent decades, thus Parkinson disease is more likely to be used in the latest medical literature (especially in post prints) than is Parkinson’s disease. American and British English spelling differences can occasionally apply to eponyms.For example, American style would typically be cesarean section whereas British style would typically be caesarean section. III. Conclusion In a word, there are several ways of word-formation in the English language. However, not all these ways are isolated from each other. In fact, some of them all overlapped which means that a new word may be considered as a result of different ways of formation. Also, understanding these various methods of forming a new word, as an integrated component of linguistics, enables us to dig out the hidden rules behind thousands of new emerging words.Therefore, although many new w ords would appear as the world move on and new technologies are developed, people are able to grasp these new words with ease because of these word-formation rules. Meanwhile, people are exposed to different accesses of forming new words with already existing ones to express the unexpected phenomenon or tectonics in the future. Works cited: (1) Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, Sixth Edition, Blackwell Publishers, 2008. (2) Fischer, Roswitha.Lexical change in present-day English: A corpus-based study of the motivation, institutionalization, and productivity of creative neologisms. 1998 (3) Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-formation. Munchen: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung,1969 (4) Ghil'ad Zuckermann,  Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 (5) Baker, Mark C. The Polysynthesis Parameter. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1998 (6) Mithun, Marianne. The evolution of noun incor poration. Language,  1984 A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English A Brief Introduction to Methods of Word Formation in English I. Introduction Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest known activities in descriptive linguistics have been attributed to Panini around 500 BCE, with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi. The first subfield of linguistics is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of ruled followed by the users of a language.It includes the study of morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and phonology (sound system). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds and nonspeech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived. This paper is going to concentrate on part of morphology word formation, of the English language. Generally, in linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word.Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word’s meaning. The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define: a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form. Word formation can also be contrasted with the formation of idiomatic expressions, although words can be formed from multi-word phrases. There are various mechanisms of word formation and this paper is going to present them in detail with necessary explanations and examples. II. Methods of Word Formations 1. Agglutination.In contemporary linguistics, agglutination usually refers to the kind of morphological derivation in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between affixes and syntactical categories. Language that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages. Agglutinati ve languages are often contrasted both with language in which syntactic structure is expressed solely by means of word order and auxiliary words (isolating language) and with languages in which a single affix typically express several syntactic categories and a single category may be expressed by several different affixes (as is the case in the inflectional or fusional anguage). However, both fusional and isolating language may use agglutinative in the most-often-used constructs, and use agglutination heavily in certain contexts, such as word derivation. This is the case in English, which has an agglutinated plural maker – (e)s and derived words such as shame ·less ·ness. 2. Back-formation In etymology, back-formation is the process of creating a new lexeme, usually by removing actual or supposed affixes. The resulting neologism is called a back-formation, a term coined by James Murray in 1889.Back-formation is different from clipping – back-formation may change th e part of speech or the word’s meaning, whereas clipping creates shortened words from longer words, but does not change the part of speech or the meaning of the word. For example, the noun resurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the verb resurrect was the back-formed hundreds of years later from it by removing the ion suffix. This segmentation of resurrection into resurrect + ion was possible because English had examples of Latinate words in the form of verb and verb + -ion pairs, such as opine/opinion.These became the pattern for many more such pairs, where a verb derived from a Latin supine stem and a noun ending in ion entered the language together, such as insert/insertion, project/projection, etc. Back-formation may be similar to the reanalyzes of folk etymologies when it rests on an erroneous understanding of the morphology of the longer word. For example, the singular noun asset is a back-formation from the plural assets. However, assets is originally not a plural: i t is a loan-word from Anglo-Norman asetz (modern French assez).The –s was reanalyzed as a plural suffix. Many words came into English by this route: Pease was once a mass noun but was reinterpreted as a plural, leading to the back-formation pea. The noun statistic was likewise a back-formation from the field of study statistics. In Britain, the verb burgle came into use in the 19th century as a back-formation from burglar (which can be compared to the North American verb burglarize formed by suffixation). Even though many English words are formed this way, new coinages may sound strange, and are often used for humorous effect.For example, gruntled (from disgruntled) would be considered a barbarism, and used only in humorous contexts, such as by P. G. Wodehouse, who wrote â€Å"I wouldn’t say he was disgruntled, but by no stretch of the imagination could be described as gruntled†. He comedian George Gobel regularly used original back-formations in his humorous mo nologues. Bill Bryson mused that the English language would be richer if we could call a tidy-haired person shevelled – as an opposite to dishevelled. In the American sitcom Scrubs, the character Turk once said when replying to Dr. Cox, â€Å"I don’t disdain you!It’s quite the opposite – I dain you. † Back-formations frequently begin in colloquial use and only gradually become accepted. For example, enthuse (from enthusiasm) is gaining popularity, though it is still considered substandard by some today. The immense celebrations in Britain at the news of the relief of the Siege of Marketing briefly created the verb to maffick, meaning to celebrate both extravagantly and publicly. â€Å"Maffick† is a back-formation from Mafeking, a place-name that was treated humorously as a gerund or participle. There are many other examples of back-formation in the English language. . Acronym An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the initial components i n a phrase or a word. These components may be individual letters (as in CEO) or parts of words (as in Benelux and Ameslan). There is no universal agreement on the precise definition of various names for such abbreviations nor on written usage. In English and most other languages, such abbreviations historically had limited use, but they became much more common in the 20th century. Acronyms are a type of word formation process, and they are viewed as a subtype of blending.There are many different types of the word-formation process acronym. Here are several pairs of them. (1) Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters, like the followings. AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus Laser: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (2) Pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters Amphetamine: alpha-mehyl-phenethylamine Interpol: International Criminal Police Org anization Nabisco: National Biscuit Company 3)Pronounced as a word, containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters Necco: New England Confectionery Company Radar: radio detection and ranging 4. Clipping In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts. Clipping is also known as â€Å"truncation† or â€Å"shortening†. According to Marchand, clippings are not coined as words belonging to the standard vocabulary of a language. They originate as terms off a special group like schools, army, police, the medical profession, etc. in the intimacy of a milieu where a hint is sufficient to indicate the whole. For example, exam(ination), math(ematics), and lab(oratory) originated in school lang. while clipping terms of some influential groups can pass into common usage, becoming part of Standard English, clipping of a society unimportant class or group will remain group slang. Also, clipping mainly consi sts of the following types: back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping and complex clipping. (1) Back clipping Back clipping is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained.The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples are: ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym(gymnastics, gymnasium), memo (memorandum), mutt(muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular music). (2) Fore-clipping Fore-clipping retains the final part. Examples are: chute (parachute), coon (raccoon), gator (alligator), phone (telephone), pike (turnpike), varsity (university). (3) Middle-clipping In middle clipping, the middle of the word is retained.Examples are: flu (influenza), jams or jammies (pajamas/pyjamas), polly (Apollinairs), shrink (head-shrinker), tec (detective). (4) Complex clipping Clipped dorms are also used in compounds. One part of the original compound most often remains intact. Examples are : cablegram (cable telegram), opart (optical art), org-man (organization man), and linocut (linoleum cut). Sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped as in navicert (navigation certification). In these cases it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation should be treated as a clipping or as a blend, for the border between the two types is not always clear.According to Bauer, the easiest way to draw the distinction is to say that those forms which retain compound stress are clipped compound, whereas those that take simple word stress are not. By this criterion bodbiz, Chicom, Comsymp, Intelsat, midcult, pro-am, photo op, sci-fi, and sitcom are all compounds made of clippings. 5. Semantic loan A semantic loan is a process of borrowing semantic meaning (rather than lexical items) from another language, very similar to the formation of calques.In this case, however, the complete word in the borrowing language already exists; the change is that its meaning is extended to i nclude another meaning its existing translation has in the leading language. Calques, loanwords and semantic loans are often grouped roughly under the phrase â€Å"borrowing†. Semantic loans often occur when two language are in close contact. 6. Compound In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme that consists of more than one stem, compounding or composition is the word formation that creates compound lexemes.Compounding or word-compounding refers to the faculty and device of a language to form new words by combing or putting together old words. In other words, compound, compounding or word-compounding occurs when a person attaches two or more words together to make them one word. The meanings of the words interrelate from the meanings of the words in isolation. Also, there is incorporation formation. Incorporation is a phenomenon by which a word, usually a verb, forms a kind of compound with, for instance, its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original sy ntactic function.Incorporation is central to many polysynthetic languages such as those found in North America, but polysynthetic does not necessary imply incorporation. Neither does the presence of incorporation in a language imply that that language is polysynthetic. Though not regularly. English shows some instrument incorporation, as in breastfeed, and direct object incorporation, as in babysit. Etymologically, such verbs in English are usually back-formations: the verbs breastfeed and babysit are formed from the adjective breast-fed and the noun babysitter respectively.Incorporation and pain compounding many be fuzzy categories: consider backstabbing, name-calling, and axe-murder. In many cases, a phrase with an incorporated noun carries a different meaning with respect to the equivalent phrase where the noun is not incorporated into the verb. The difference seems to hang around the generality and definiteness of the statement. The incorporated phrase is usually generic and ind efinite, while the non-incorporated one is more specific. 7. ConversionIn linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word transformation: specifically, it is the creation of a word (of a new word class) from an existing word (of a different word class) without any change in form. For example, the noun green in golf (referring to a putting-green) is derived ultimately from the adjective green. Conversions from adjectives to nouns and vice versa are both very common and unnotable in English: much more remarked upon is the creation of a verb by converting a noun or other word (e. g. , the adjective clean becomes the verb to clean). 8. LoanwordA loanword (or loan word) is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept where the meaning or idiom is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself. The word loanword is itself a calque of the German Lehnwort, while calque i s a loanword from French. The terms borrow and loanword, although traditional, conflict with the ordinary meaning of those words because nothing is returned to the donor languages. However, note that this metaphor is not isolated to the concept of loanwords, but also found in the idiom â€Å"to borrow an idea. An additional issue with the term loanword is that it implies that the loaning is limited to one single word as opposed to deja vu, an English loanword from French. While this phrase may be used as one lexical item by English speakers, that is to say, an English speaker would not say only deja to convey the meaning associated with the full term deja vu, in the donor language (French), speakers would be aware of the phrase consisting of two words. For simplicity, adopt/adoption or adapt/adaption are used by many linguists, either in parallel to, or in preference to, these words.Some researchers also use the term lexical borrowing. Some English loanwords remain relatively faith ful to the donor language’s phonology, even though a particular phoneme might not exist or have contrastive status in English. The majority of English affixes, such as -un, –ing, and –ly, were present in older forms in Old English. However, a few English affixes are borrowed. For example, the agentive suffix –er, which is very prolific, is borrowed unlimitedly from Latin- arius. The English verbal suffix –ize comes from Greek –izein via Latin –izare. 9.Onomatopoeia Onomatopoeia (common term is sound word) refers to the property of such words. Common occurrences of onomatopoeia include animal noises, such as â€Å"oink† or â€Å"meow† or â€Å"roar† or â€Å"chirp†. Some other very common English-language examples include hiccup, zoom, bang, beep, moo, and splash. Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia, as in honk or beep-beep for the horn of an automobile, and vroom or brum for the engine. When someone speaks of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity, the word â€Å"zap† is often used.For animal sounds, words like quack (duck), moo (cow), bark or woof (dog), roar (lion), meow or purr (cat) and baa (sheep) are typically used in English. Some of these words are used both as nouns and as verbs. Sometimes things are named from the sounds they make. In English, for example, there is the universal fastener which is named for the onomatopoeia of the sound it makes: the zip (in the UK) or zipper (in the U. S. ). many birds are named after their calls, such as the Bobwhite quail, the Weero, the Morepork, the killdeer, chickadee, the cuckoo, the chiffchaff, the whooping crane and the whip-poor-will. 0. Phono-semantic matching Phono-semantic matching (PSM) is a linguistic term referring to camouflaged borrowing in which a foreign word is matched with a phonetically and semantically similar pre-existent native word/root. It may alternatively be de fined as the entry of a multisourced neologism that preserves both the meaning and the proximate sound of the parallel expression in the source language, using pre-existent words/roots of the target language. Phono-semantic matching is distinct from calquing. While calquing includes (semantic) translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching (i. . retaining the proximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word/morpheme in the target language). Phone-semantic matching is also distinct from homophonic translation, which retains only the sound, and not the semantics. 11. Eponym An eponym is a person or thing, whether real or fictional, after which a particular place, tribe, era, discovery. Or other item is named or thought to be named. Eponyms are aspects of etymology. There are different types of eponym which come from various area.Places and towns can also be given an eponymous name through a relationship (real or imagined) to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek god Pelops. In historical times, new towns have often been named (and older communities renamed) after their founders, discoverers, or after notable individuals. Examples include Vancouver, British Columbia, named after the explorer George Vancouver; and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, originally called Isbister’s Settlement but renamed after Queen Victoria’s husband and consort in 1866.Also, in science and technology, discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer (or supposed discoverer) to honor some other influential workers. Examples are Avogadro’s number, he Diesel engine, Alzheimer’s disease, and the Apgar score. Because proper nouns are capitalized in English, the usual default for eponyms is to capitalize the eponymous part of a term. The common-noun part is not capitalized (unless it is part of a title or it is the first word in a sentence). F or example, in Parkinson disease (named after James Parkinson), Parkinson is capitalized, but disease is not.However, some eponymous adjectives are nowadays entered in many dictionaries as lowercases when they have evolved a common status, no longer deriving their meaning from the proper-noun origin. For example, Herculean when referring to Hercules himself, but often herculean when referring to the figurative generalized extension sense. For any given term, one dictionary may enter only lowercase or only cap, whereas other dictionaries may recognize the capitalized version as a variant, either equally common as, or less common than, the first-listed styling (marked with labels such as â€Å"or†, â€Å"also†, â€Å"often† or â€Å"sometimes†).English can use either genitive case or attributive position to indicate the adjectival nature of the eponymous part of the term. (In other words, that part may be either possessive or nonpossessive. ) Thus Parkinson ’s disease and Parkinson disease are both acceptable. Medical dictionaries have been shifting toward nonpossessive styling in recent decades, thus Parkinson disease is more likely to be used in the latest medical literature (especially in post prints) than is Parkinson’s disease. American and British English spelling differences can occasionally apply to eponyms.For example, American style would typically be cesarean section whereas British style would typically be caesarean section. III. Conclusion In a word, there are several ways of word-formation in the English language. However, not all these ways are isolated from each other. In fact, some of them all overlapped which means that a new word may be considered as a result of different ways of formation. Also, understanding these various methods of forming a new word, as an integrated component of linguistics, enables us to dig out the hidden rules behind thousands of new emerging words.Therefore, although many new w ords would appear as the world move on and new technologies are developed, people are able to grasp these new words with ease because of these word-formation rules. Meanwhile, people are exposed to different accesses of forming new words with already existing ones to express the unexpected phenomenon or tectonics in the future. Works cited: (1) Crystal, David. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, Sixth Edition, Blackwell Publishers, 2008. (2) Fischer, Roswitha.Lexical change in present-day English: A corpus-based study of the motivation, institutionalization, and productivity of creative neologisms. 1998 (3) Marchand, Hans. The Categories and Types of Present-Day English Word-formation. Munchen: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung,1969 (4) Ghil'ad Zuckermann,  Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 (5) Baker, Mark C. The Polysynthesis Parameter. Oxford: Oxford University Press,1998 (6) Mithun, Marianne. The evolution of noun incor poration. Language,  1984