Betrayal Essays (1007 words) - Betrayal, 20th Century Fox Films

Betrayal BETRAYAL The American university in Cairo Performing and Visual Arts opened its 1998 Spring Season on February 13th in Wallace Theater on campus with Harold Pinter's play, Betrayal. This play was directed by Eric Grischkat, and the costume design was made by Timaree Mc Cormick. AUC students have strongly participated in the designing, lighting, setting, directing, and in acting. These students were Noha Farouk, Shereef Bishay, Karim Bishay, Ramsi Lehner, and Alaa Shalaby. Betrayal is play that tell the story of two very close friends, Robert, and Jerry. Both of them were married and had children. Both families loved, and respected each other. However, this did not last long because betrayals took place. This play includes eight betrayals; therefore, one can obviously see how well fit the title is to the main theme of the play . In the first place, Emma resorted to betraying her husband because she did not find true love with him so she thought she could find it with Jerry . However, she failed this time too and so she tried Casey. Robert was not the right person for Emma as he was so cold. There is nothing that moves him even when he knew that Emma was betraying him , he was only concerned with whether Ned was his son or not. This is not the normal action of any husband who have just found out that his wife has been betraying him with his best friend for five whole years ! Pinter has written this play in an unusual way . Its actions move from the latter to the former;( i.e. the play began in the year 1977 and ended in 1968 ). Pinter said that the most effective way to handle this play was by moving backwards. I agree with him because if it moved normally from the oldest to the latest it would not have been that interesting . Eric Grischkat keeps the energy and the actors moving, remembering that the main idea is the dishonesty and betrayal of friends who are humans, not only ideas. He left enough room for the audiences to use their imagination by following the too many pauses and silence that are found in the script. The production of the play was successful in that it was far better than reading it . Eric managed to choose the right crew to work with, the actors , the designer of the sets, scene, costumes, lights, sound, and projections . They all worked together to present this good performance. The Wallace Theater is a proscenium theater with low ceiling and small stage which is an obstacle to the director but he managed to solve this problem with the help of the set designer. The action was clear and it build climatically. There was a variety in the mood. All the characters changed a lot from the beginning till the end of the play. The costume and set designer, Timaree McCormick, has created a new world through her special choice of colors of the sets and of the costumes as both of them conveyed the place and the time where and when the play occurred. In Scene Nine, when it was 1968, Emma was wearing mini-skirts which matched the fashion of that time, while in Scene One the style were different as it matched the fashion of the 70s. Timaree's choise of colors had certain significance . For example, Jerry kept wearing the brown color throughout the play. The significance of this is that he is the person who knows nothing and who betrayed his best friend . She made an excellent use of every single part of the stage. Although the space was limited, she managed to overcome this problem. For example, the entrances and exits were done from the outside of the Wallace because of the lack of the space. She made use of every piece of furniture on the stage, such as the bed that was used twice. It was once Robert's and Emm a's hotel room in Venice and other time , the bed inside the bedroom in Robert's and Emma's house in London. She used the apron of the stage as the balcony in the hotel room in Venice. The arrangement

Learning to Edit News Stories Quickly

Learning to Edit News Stories Quickly Students in news editing classes get plenty of homework that involves - you guessed it - editing news stories. But the problem with homework is that its often not due for several days, and as any experienced journalist can tell you, editors on deadlines must usually fix stories within a matter of minutes, not hours or days. So one of the most important skills a student journalist must cultivate is the ability to work fast. Just as aspiring reporters must learn to complete news stories on deadline, student editors must develop the ability to edit those stories quickly. Learning to write rapidly is a fairly straightforward process that involves building up speed by banging out stories and exercises, over and over again. There are editing exercises on this site. But how can a student journalist learn to edit more quickly? Here are some tips. Read the Story All the Way Through Too many beginning editors try to start fixing articles before theyve read them from start to finish. This is a recipe for disaster. Poorly written stories are minefields of things like buried ledes and incomprehensible sentences. Such problems cant be properly fixed unless the editor has read the entire story and understands what it SHOULD say, as opposed to what it IS saying. So before editing a single sentence, take time to make sure you really understand what the story is all about. Find the Lede The lede is by far the most important sentence in any news article. Its the make-or-break opening that either entices the reader to stick with the story or sends them packing. And as Melvin Mencher said in his seminal textbook News Reporting Writing, the story flows from the lede. So its no surprise that getting the lede right is probably the most important part of editing any story. Nor is it surprising that many inexperienced reporters get their ledes horribly wrong. Sometimes ledes are just very badly written. Sometimes theyre buried at the bottom of the story. This means an editor must scan the entire article, then fashion a lede thats newsworthy, interesting and reflects the most important content in the story. That can take a little time, but the good news is that once youve created a good lede, the rest of the story should fall into line fairly quickly. Use Your AP Stylebook Beginning reporters commit boatloads of AP Style errors, so fixing such mistakes becomes a big part of the editing process. So keep your stylebook with you all the time; use it every time you edit; memorize the basic AP Style rules, then commit a few new rules to memory every week. Follow this plan and two things will happen. First, youll become very familiar with the stylebook and be able to find things more quickly; second, as your memory of AP Style grows, you wont need to use the book as often. Dont Be Afraid to Rewrite Young editors often worry about changing stories too much. Maybe theyre not yet sure of their own skills. Or maybe theyre afraid of hurting a reporters feelings. But like it or not, fixing a really awful article often means rewriting it from top to bottom. So an editor must cultivate a confidence in two things: his own judgment about what constitutes a good story vs. a real turd, and his ability to turn the turds into gems. Unfortunately, theres no secret formula for developing skill and confidence other than practice, practice and more practice. The more you edit the better youll get, and the more confident youll be. And as your editing skills and confidence grow, so too will your speed.

The Hunting of Ancient Human Beings Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Hunting of Ancient Human Beings - Term Paper Example These hominids evolved into Homo Erectus 1.5 million years ago followed by the Neanderthal man 200000 years ago. These hominids were hunter-gathers and used stone tools for this work and each stage was marked by improved intellect and mind. Due to increased population leading to overhunting, a Neolithic Revolution occurred 12000 years ago thus shift from hunting and gathering to plant and animal domestication in the Middle East along the Nile. This paper will discuss the hunting methods of the early man from Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Neanderthal men to the beginning of Agriculture by the Homo sapiens. The Homo habilis is the earliest species of â€Å"humans† or bipedal beings. They were regarded as the â€Å"handymen† or â€Å"skillful human† by Louis and Mary Leaky who discovered their fossils alongside at Olduvai Gorge in Africa in 1959. According to the archeologists, Homo habilis existed 2.5 million years ago and were the earliest tools making hominid. They had a brain fifty percent larger than their predecessors the Australopithecus who lived 3-4 million years ago (Duiker & Spielvogel 3). They were regarded as handy as they could use their hands to grasp objects and make stone tools marking the beginning of the Paleolithic period (Old Stone Age). They were bipedal humans in that they had an upright posture and could walk with their legs, unlike the Australopithecines who were more like chimpanzees. According to Brown, Fairfax, and Sarao, they had â€Å"larger teeth than human and elongated premolars† (n.p). Their brain had a cranial capacity of 55 0cc. The development of the brain was a very crucial for early men as it determined the way of life and advancement to the next stage of evolution. These hominids depended on hunting and gathering hence intellect determined the types of tools to make and the type of game and fruits to gather as well as survival tactics.

Investigate a family therapy model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investigate a family therapy model - Essay Example a Satir that improvement remains a possibility always, and as such the model helps to improve the lives of individuals in a family unit by causing a transformation in the manner in which they view themselves and express themselves. The Satir Change Process Model lays the framework for assisting transformational change in individuals, couples, and families through changes in their basic beliefs or their self-understanding. This change roadmap provides the route through which individuals can be assisted in making choices that lead to increased self-esteem, provide self-accountability, and thereby enable the individual to move towards a more congruent understanding of self. There is a universal yearning in all individuals to be loved, acknowledged and accepted. The transformations that occur within the self of the individual provide the means to meeting these universal yearnings to be loved, acknowledged, and accepted. Transformation is a natural element of human process. Changes occur as a result of learning and growth. Changes happen based on decisions made. Changes are required as to cope with situations and the development of relations. This also causes in an individual the desire for changes in others in keeping with self-expectations, and this can lead to disappointment, when the desired changes do not happen. Thus in adapting to changing circumstances, an individual at times can develop emotions of helplessness, lack of power, fear, hurt, and anger, which lead to strained relationships. This can be avoided for the process of change can be empowering to the individual by self-development within the individual. This calls for removal of focus on behavior. It requires the individual to take charge of and transform the emotions, perceptions and expectations of the individual. From where does the individual draw the guidance and inspiration for such action? It comes from tapping the universal yearnings to be loved, acknowledged and accepted. It is the Universal

Emirates stadium

Emirates stadium Emirates Stadium Historical background (who wants the project? And why?) The Emirates Stadium is built on a former brownfield industrial estate known as Ashburton Grove in Islington, London; to provide a home ground for Arsenal FC. Arsenal FCs previous stadium in Highbury, of which it was named after, was located a mere half a mile away from the emirates. The capacity of Highbury was small in comparison to other top-flight status football clubs and therefore expansions were proposed. However, due to surrounding transport and residential amenities, further to local authority planning objections, the room for expansion was very limited at the existing ground. Corporate hospitality management via corporate viewing boxes is a key business network to Arsenal FC as a means of securing deals for the benefit of the clubs financial capital. Highbury however, was incapable of accommodating the expanding wealth of prospective clients bearing interest in the club. The proposition of enhancing corporate relationships and negotiations was a key figure in the framework plans for a new stadium. Sporting successes at Arsenal FC had also widened their fan base and the demand for match tickets was outweighing the supply. Stakeholders within the ownership of the club were subsequently underutilised and opportune revenue was missed; this was sacrificial to the prospects of future investment. After selective consideration of various locations suitable for Arsenal FC and their respective fans it was therefore decided on the turn of the millennium, that a new stadium was to be developed on the Ashburton Grove site. The capabilities of generating greater capital to enable the club to financially contest with some of the biggest football teams in Europe whilst also providing first class facilities to their many supporters showed an unwavering determination for the clubs advancement. This was the birth of the Emirates Stadium. Islington, London; was before hand, a waning borough and the new stadium was seen as a solution to contribute to the regeneration of the area. BUY OUT EXISTING OCCUPANTS ON ASHBURTON GROVE very expensive Islington councils waste recycling plant Royal mail Holloway delivery office Two bridges over the Northern city railway were also built connecting the stadium with drayton park wer also built. Structure of the project (Financing, Objectives, Constraints etc.). In order for Arsenal FC to fund the approximate  £275m project, the sale of existing surplus land assets was necessary to enable their financiers to provide sufficient supporting gain for a case in obtaining a large loan to fund the remainder. Highbury was demolished and redeveloped (with the exception of the east stand due to heritage listing) into what is now known as Highbury Square; an allotment of housing units that were sold to generate over  £300m in final completion sales (currently payable in instalments to Arsenal FC). Sportswear manufacture Nike, also contributed to the project funding through their multi-million pound sponsorship deal that is still binding at present. At the beginning of 2004, the project order date, Ashburton Properties, a subservient of Arsenal Holdings plc, was created in order to gain access to a loan over  £200m from a banking assembly that specialised in stadium facilities management and funding. Noteworthy banking companies within this assembly include: the RBS (Royal Bank of Scotland plc), The Bank of Ireland and Allied Irish Banks plc. Towards the end of 2004, a  £100.2m corporate sponsorship deal had been struck between Emirate Airlines and Arsenal FC. One of the significant terms of this deal comprised of Emirates owning the naming rights of the stadium of which led to the stadium being known as the Emirates Stadium and not its original Ashburton Grove. Multi-faceted, Analysis, Feasibility Complicated cash flow, site assembly, waste plant location, residential, demolition and disposal, advertisements. Highbury re-development 2-stage tender: Taylor Wimpey Sir Robert McAlpine Main Contractors (There Project Manager was Gulf Christiansen) Also did Excel Centre, London. Construction team was entirely site-based (Contractors and Consultants); problems were solved quickly, minimal expense, dispute resolution. Financial, Programme capital; certainty of delivery time half way through season? X Time of the essence Stakeholder analysis (Conflicts and resolutions) Construction of the Emirates stadium began promptly once the tender had been signed in February 2004. Leading UK building and civil engineering company Sir Robert McAlpine was awarded the contract as the main contractor to complete the job. Global designs practice Populous (formerly known as HOK Sport) were responsible for the architecture and design of the stadium. They have been and are currently lead architects on many large projects of similar nature throughout the UK and across the globe e.g. Millennium Stadium, Cardiff, Wales; Wembley National Stadium, London; and the 2014 Asian Games Stadium, Incheon, South Korea. UK-based consultant engineers Buro Happold provided solutions in both structural and services engineering design to the stadium. Arcadis AYH (formerly AYH) were initially appointed as project and cost managers to the project, however, their role quickly expanded as the administering and relocation of over 80 businesses at Arsenal FCs former site was required. This allowed for commercial and residential developments within Islington to be cross-funded and eventually made provision for the new housing allotments and a new waste and recycling centre for the Islington Borough. Private funded, Private project/ contract (Onus on who?) Local communities; business displacement, working with local authorities. Sustainability issues and agendas (Impact, Conflicts and resolutions) Due to the Emirates stadium being built upon a former brownfield industrial site, Buro Happold thought it was necessary to carry out an environmental impact assessment of the estate so that any contaminated earth found could be re-generated and re-used to provide better ground conditions for the stadiums foundations. Buro Happolds engineering expertise in developing the form and structure of the Emirates Stadium was thoroughly examined to minimise the environmental impact and reflect the aspirations of the local community. One of the most noticeable design solutions provided by Buro Happolds to meet these objectives, is the clear downward sloping roof that forms a natural dish of which augments the stadiums micro-climate. When designing the project, Populous tried to coalesce the needs of the end-users with an environmentally sound structure. As the Architects of the stadium, their ideas implemented took account of multiple contributors to the sustainable agenda that is ever-growing in the UK, particularly within urban areas such as greater London. The incorporation of natural passive ventilation systems throughout the stadium has made way for a more pleasant environmental climate whilst also deducing the need for mechanical ventilation systems of which can add to the released emissions count. Solar power systems through glass cladding and skylights have also been fitted to contribute to their power-saving ethos that could potentially prove money-saving during the lifetime of the project. Not only does the stadium have sustainable measures integrated into its design but the surrounding new-build developments have also been built to standards set out under the BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) Eco Homes guidelines. These form part of the Code for Sustainable Homes; a benchmark in voluntary frameworks for sustainable development. Desso Sports Systems; a company that specialise in artificial turfs for sports and recreation currently provide the stadium with their pitch. They say that their synthetic grass fibres can be recycled for civil-engineering applicationsor as artificial turf and are keen to stress the point that only environmentally friendly, biodegradable chemical products are used to clean the turf. Regeneration Brownfield site Section 106 TCPA, obligation to support and facilitate project area Newlon Housing Trust; Social Housing Evaluation of risks Even with the new Emirates stadium as the home ground for Arsenal FC, the current demand for tickets still greatly outweighs the supply. The board of directors are said to be in the process of looking to expand the stadium as a result. It is however, very unlikely that the extent of the supply will be matched by the demand due to the sheer fan-base the football club possesses and the feasibility of constructing such a vast amount extra to the existing development. The risks of this potential expansion include jeopardising the sustainability issues mentioned (above) so that the stadium only meets the demands of the present and is sacrificial to meeting the demands of the future (Brundtland). What also needs to be borne in mind is to what extent the extra capacity will bring in terms of revenue. With economies of scale in highly populated areas such as London, the capital gain of a greater number of sales made may not prove profitable and could drastically add to the clubs overall net doubt; thought to be around  £200m 3Q 2009. Motor vehicle use and other forms of private transport have not been well incorporated into the stadiums design and surrounding location. This has not been by mistake and the developers are trying to promote the use of public transport (possibly tied in with the sustainable communities agenda). There have been recent upgrades on the tube at Holloway Station (Arsenal FCs local station) and more buses have been added to frequently provide services to the stadium. The potential risks of relying on public transport are: inaccuracies in times, traffic congestion and provision for disabled supporters access to the ground. Programming Business displacement Compulsory purchase orders Financial model Stigma with football stadiums e.g. Wembley, Birse walker stadium, laing orourke millennium stadium Economic and business related factors From a marketing point of view; the emirates stadium was purely financially driven. The clubs successes had expanded to a rate which was over-utilising its existing resources and many opportune costs resulted. As an innovation to providing Arsenal FC with the maximum potential for revenue gain, a completely new and improved stadium for the entire club was seen as the most serviceable concept to adopt. REGENERATION Not about football stadium, regeneration of Islington Trying to get on the local authorities side Reflection on projects management REFERENCES: * Arcadis AYH (2006), Professional Services: Property: Lifestyle: Stadia Sports: Projects: Emirates Stadium, available from [Accessed 08/02/10]. * Building (2007), Emirates Stadium boosts Arsenal FCs Results; Football clubs income jumps 46% following move from Highbury, available from [Accessed 08/02/10]. * DesignBuild-Network (2008), Projects: Emirates Stadium, Ashburton Grove, London, United Kingdom, available from [Accessed 08/02/10]. * DesignBuild-Network (2008), Projects: Emirates Stadium, Ashburton Grove, London, United Kingdom: Specifications, available from [Accessed 08/02/10]. * E-architect (2008), Arsenal Stadium, London; Information and Photos, available from [Accessed 08/02/10]. * Sir Robert McAlpine (2006), Projects: Emirates Stadium, available from [Accessed 08/02/10].

Negative Effects of Technology Depicted in Aldous Huxleys Brave New Wo

Negative Effects of Technology Depicted in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World Imagine a life where the technology is so great that no one ever has to be worried about being sad or bothered by all the day to day stress. In Brave New World published in 1932, Aldous Huxley brings the reader into the future of London to see just what technology can do to a society. As the novel opens, the reader learns about how the futuristic London is a Utopia, what life is like, and all about the great technological advancements. After Bernard is introduced to the reader, he goes to the Reservation and meets John, the Salvage, where he finds out how different life is between the two societies. In the end, the Controller Mustapha Mond sends Bernard and John away from London so the stability of the society will not be affected by the truth of "real freedom." Throughout the novel, Huxley portrays a dystopia through the settings, its characters and the theme. Dystopia is displayed by the speech, thoughts, and actions of the character whereby the reader learns that London is not perfect in every way, shape or form. The futuristic London has its flaws as is shown by Bernard and John. The narrator says, "Talking about [Lenina] as though she were a bit of meat.' Bernard ground his teeth" (53). At this point, Bernard is upset with two controllers because they are talking about having sex with a girl. In London, since there are no mothers or fathers, they have no idea what the meaning of love is so they have sex as if it were a game. In this scene, Bernard is upset at the fact that they are talking about this girl in such a manner that shows no respect for her. It is as if he has some kind of feelings for the girl even though he is not supposed to have ... ...an take soma to heal everything quickly. Huxley portrays this as not true happiness or freedom. Technology, it seems, is so great that people are enslaved by it. The futuristic London is supposed to be the perfect place- the Utopia of the future. Throughout the novel, Huxley portrays London as a dystopia instead of a Utopia by using theme, characters and setting. The advancement in the technology no longer lets people experience the finest things in life- emotions. The true meaning of life has been transformed to make London the perfect place, but it is perfect only to the slaves who are a part of it. One message that Huxley is trying to impart to the reader is technology is good, but too much technology can ruin the world that people live in today; it becomes all encompassing towards its own goals. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: Harper & Row 1946. Negative Effects of Technology Depicted in Aldous Huxley's Brave New Wo Negative Effects of Technology Depicted in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World Imagine a life where the technology is so great that no one ever has to be worried about being sad or bothered by all the day to day stress. In Brave New World published in 1932, Aldous Huxley brings the reader into the future of London to see just what technology can do to a society. As the novel opens, the reader learns about how the futuristic London is a Utopia, what life is like, and all about the great technological advancements. After Bernard is introduced to the reader, he goes to the Reservation and meets John, the Salvage, where he finds out how different life is between the two societies. In the end, the Controller Mustapha Mond sends Bernard and John away from London so the stability of the society will not be affected by the truth of "real freedom." Throughout the novel, Huxley portrays a dystopia through the settings, its characters and the theme. Dystopia is displayed by the speech, thoughts, and actions of the character whereby the reader learns that London is not perfect in every way, shape or form. The futuristic London has its flaws as is shown by Bernard and John. The narrator says, "Talking about [Lenina] as though she were a bit of meat.' Bernard ground his teeth" (53). At this point, Bernard is upset with two controllers because they are talking about having sex with a girl. In London, since there are no mothers or fathers, they have no idea what the meaning of love is so they have sex as if it were a game. In this scene, Bernard is upset at the fact that they are talking about this girl in such a manner that shows no respect for her. It is as if he has some kind of feelings for the girl even though he is not supposed to have ... ...an take soma to heal everything quickly. Huxley portrays this as not true happiness or freedom. Technology, it seems, is so great that people are enslaved by it. The futuristic London is supposed to be the perfect place- the Utopia of the future. Throughout the novel, Huxley portrays London as a dystopia instead of a Utopia by using theme, characters and setting. The advancement in the technology no longer lets people experience the finest things in life- emotions. The true meaning of life has been transformed to make London the perfect place, but it is perfect only to the slaves who are a part of it. One message that Huxley is trying to impart to the reader is technology is good, but too much technology can ruin the world that people live in today; it becomes all encompassing towards its own goals. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: Harper & Row 1946.

Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Growth

Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Growth: Institutions and Innovations Debesh Roy( I. Introduction An essential pre-requisite for inclusive and sustainable growth is capital formation through credit and financial services. While the benefits of growth due to reforms in India, have concentrated in the hands of those already served by the formal financial system, a large section of the rural and urban poor still do not have access to the formal banking channel. The backward regions of the country, too, lack basic financial infrastructure.The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has, therefore, formulated the policy of financial inclusion with a view to provide banking services at an affordable cost to the disadvantaged and low-income groups. Financial inclusion makes growth broad based and sustainable by progressively encompassing the hitherto excluded population. The idea of financial inclusion in India has its roots in the co-operative movement which started in the year 1904. Historically, na tionalization of commercial banks in 1969 was the most significant effort towards financial inclusion, which led to the spread of bank branches in rural and semi-urban areas.The access to banking services has increased considerably, as may be gauged from the fact that the average population per branch has decreased from 64,000 in 1969 to 13,400 as at the end of March 2011[1]. However, there are still some under-banked states in the country like Bihar, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and the North-Eastern States. Further, in spite of the enhanced outreach of banks in rural areas and the implementation of directed credit, the growing credit needs of farmers, rural artisans and entrepreneurs could not be adequately met from banks during the post-nationalization period.The RBI, therefore, urged banks to review their existing banking practices to align them with the objective of financial inclusion. According to the RBI (RBI, 2008) access to safe, easy and affordable credit and other financial services by the poor and vulnerable groups, disadvantaged areas and lagging sectors is recognized as a pre-condition for accelerating growth and reducing income disparities and poverty. Moreover, access to a well-functioning financial system, by reating equal opportunities, enables economically and socially excluded people to integrate better into the economy and actively contribute to development and also protect themselves against economic shocks. NSSO data reveal that 45. 9 million farmer households in the country (51. 4 per cent), out of a total of 89. 3 million households do not have access to credit, either from institutional or non-institutional sources (Government of India, 2008). Further, despite the vast network of bank branches, only 27 per cent of total farm households are indebted to formal sources (of which one-third also borrow from informal sources).Farm households not accessing credit from formal sources as a proportion to total farm households is especially high at 95. 91 per cent, 81. 26 per cent and 77. 59 per cent in the north-eastern, eastern and central regions respectively. Thus, apart from the fact that exclusion in general is large, it also varies widely across regions, social groups and asset holdings. The poorer the group, the greater is the exclusion (RBI, 2008). The RBI has observed that out of 600,000 habitations in the country, only about 5 per cent have a commercial bank branch (RBI, 2010).Also only about 61 per cent of the population across the country has bank account (savings), and this ratio is much lower in the north-eastern states. Further, 18 per cent of the population has debit cards and about 2 per cent has credit cards (RBI, 2011). India has a significantly low level of financial penetration compared with OECD countries. Further, while the access to bank branches in India fares better than that of China and Indonesia it is worse off when compared with Malaysia and Thailan d. However, in terms of financial access through ATMs, India fares poorly compared to select Asian peer group countries (RBI, 2010[2]).In view of the poor level of financial inclusion in India, the RBI has accorded top-most policy priority to financial inclusion, by advising commercial banks, to formulate specific Board approved Financial Inclusion Plans (FIP) and to act on them on a mission mode. Banks were also advised by the RBI to provide banking services tin every village having a population of over 2000 by 31 March 2012, through bank branches as well as through various ICT-based models including through Business Correspondents (BCs).Banks were also encouraged to cover the peripheral villages with population less than 2000. There has been some improvement in the status of financial inclusion in the country in the last couple of years. Yet the extent of financial exclusion is staggering. Out of every 1000 persons, only 99 had a credit account and 600 had a deposit account as at end-March 2011. This underlined the need to strengthen the financial inclusion drive through well thought out policies (RBI, 2011).Against this backdrop this paper attempts to examine and analyse policy issues related to the promotion of financial inclusion through various institutional and product innovations, and their impact on the achievement of widespread and sustainable inclusive growth. Rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II presents the status of financial inclusion in India. State-wise Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) has been developed in Section III. Section IV analyses the role of institutions in promoting financial inclusion.Section V examines innovations in financial inclusion which could lead to inclusive growth. Demand side innovations for financial inclusion have been analyzed in Section VI. Section VII concludes the paper and suggests policy initiatives for the achievement of inclusive growth through financial inclusion. II. Status of Financial Inc lusion in India There has been a consistent increase in the penetration of banking services in India in recent years. However, the rate of increase in the penetration of banking services in the rural and semi-urban areas has been much lower than that in the urban areas.Further, penetration of banking services has been lower in the central, eastern and north-eastern regions of the country compared to the more developed northern, southern and western regions. In order to address this issue, the RBI liberalized the branch authorization policy in December 2009, giving freedom to domestic scheduled commercial banks to open branches at Tier 3 to 6 centres (with population of up to 49,999 as per the Population Census of 2001) without having the need to take permission from RBI in each case, subject to reporting.The RBI has been encouraging banks to expand their network both through setting up of new branches and through the Business Correspondent (BC) model by leveraging upon information a nd communication technology (ICT). This has resulted in an improvement in the status of financial inclusion in 2010-11 over the previous year, as indicated in Table 1. However, the extent of financial exclusion is still quite substantial. This is evident from the fact that only 61. 2 per cent of the population had a deposit account, and 9. 9 per cent had a credit account.Hence, the extent of financial exclusion underscores the need to focus on the strengthening of the financial inclusion drive through a planned, coordinated and innovative approach. Table 1 Progress of Financial Inclusion in India |Sl. No. |Indicator |2009-10 |2010-11 | |1 |Credit-GDP Ratio |53. 4 |54. 6 | |2 |Credit-Deposit Ratio |73. |76. 5 | |3 |Population per Bank Branch |14,000 |13,138 | |4 |Population per ATM |19,700 |16,243 | |5 |Percentage of Population having deposit accounts|55. 8 |61. 2 | |6 |Percentage of Population having credit accounts |9. 3 |9. | |7 |Percentage of Population having debit cards |15. 2 |18. 8 | |8 |Branches opened in Tier 3-6 centres as a per |40. 3 |55. 4 | | |cent of total new bank branches | | | |9 |Branches opened in hitherto unbanked centres as |5. 6 |9. | | |a per cent of total new bank branches | | | Source: Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2010-11, RBI During 2010-11 4826 new branches of scheduled commercial banks were opened. It may be observed from Table 2 that majority of the branches (66. 4 per cent) were opened in the more developed regions viz. northern (23. 2 per cent), southern (26. 2 per cent) and western (17. 0 per cent). The less developed regions accounted for 33. per cent of new branches opened viz. central (18. 1 per cent), eastern (13. 5 per cent) and north-eastern (2. 0 per cent). Further, rural and semi-urban branches accounted for 22. 3 per cent and 41. 7 per cent of new branches, respectively. On the other hand, the share of urban and metropolitan branches stood at 17. 9 per cent and 18. 1 per cent, respectively. Table 2 Distribution of New Bank Branches of Scheduled Commercial Banks across Regions and Population Groups (2010-11) |Regions |No. of new branches |Population groups |No. f new branches | |Central |874 (18. 1) |Rural |1077 (22. 3) | |Eastern |650 (13. 5) |Semi-urban |2011 (41. 7) | |North Eastern |97 (2. 0) |Urban |865 (17. 9) | |Northern |1120 (23. 2) |Metropolitan |873 (18. ) | |Southern |1263 (26. 2) | | | |Western |822 (17. 0) | | | |Total |4826 | |4826 | Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages to total new bank branches. Source: Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2010-11, RBIA major instrument of financial inclusion is the Kisan Credit Card (KCC). KCC enables farmers to access credit at the right time, to meet their pre-sowing as well as well as post-harvest needs. Region-wise and institution-wise status of sanction of KCC as on 31 March 2011 is furnished in Table 3. It may be observed that the southern region accounted for the highest share of KCC issued (36. 3 pe r cent) and the amount sanctioned (32. 5 per cent), followed by the central region with 22. 8 per cent of KCC issued and 23. 7 per cent of the amount sanctioned.The eastern region was ranked third with 17. 2 per cent of cards issued, but was ranked fourth with 10. 2 per cent of the amount sanctioned. The northern region which was ranked fourth (12. 6 per cent) in terms of cards issued, was ranked third in terms of amount sanctioned (23. 6 per cent). The more developed western region, however, accounted for 9. 5 per cent of cards issued and 9. 2 per cent of amount sanctioned. The least developed north-eastern region accounted for 1. 6 per cent of cards issued and 0. 8 per cent of the amount sanctioned.Government of India has launched a programme called ‘Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India (BGREI)’ in the states of Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Eastern Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, with a view to address the constraints limiting the productivity o f rice based cropping systems. BGREI is expected to raise the demand for agriculture credit and accordingly, banks need to give a special thrust to issuing KCC in these states. Among institutions, the share of commercial banks was the highest in terms of the number of KCC issued (54. per cent) as well as amount sanctioned (69. 4 per cent). While the share of cooperative banks in terms of the number of KCC issued was higher (27. 7 per cent) than that of RRBs (17. 4 per cent), the share of RRBs (15. 8 per cent) was higher than that of cooperative banks (14. 8 per cent) in terms of amount sanctioned. It is, therefore, imperative that in order to achieve greater financial inclusion, there should be a focus on strengthening RRBs and the cooperative credit institutions. Table 3 Kisan Credit Card Scheme (As on 31 March 2011) (Amount in `crore and Number of cards issued in ‘000) |Cooperative Banks |RRBs |Commercial Banks |Total | |Region |Cards Issued |Amount Sanctioned |Cards Issued |Amount |Cards Issued |Amount | | | | | |Sanctioned | |Sanctioned | |High Financial | | | | | | | |Inclusion (0. 5-1) | | | | | | |Punjab |1. 00 |0. 85 |0. 34 |0. 61 |1 |6 | |Karnataka |0. 75 |0. 59 |0. 48 |0. 59 |2 |9 | |Maharashtra |0. 61 |0. 37 |1. 00 |0. 57 |3 |2 | |Kerala |0. 92 |0. 85 |0. 28 |0. 57 |4 |10 | |Tamil Nadu |0. 74 |0. 50 |0. 9 |0. 52 |5 |4 | |Himachal Pradesh |0. 86 |0. 98 |0. 16 |0. 51 |6 |11 | | | | | | | | | |Medium Financial | | | | | | | |Inclusion (0. 3-0. 5) | | | | | | | |Uttarakhand |0. 71 |0. 4 |0. 15 |0. 46 |7 |5 | |Haryana |0. 71 |0. 65 |0. 17 |0. 45 |8 |1 | |Andhra Pradesh |0. 74 |0. 46 |0. 26 |0. 45 |9 |8 | |All-India |0. 50 |0. 35 |0. 40 |0. 41 | | | |Jammu & Kashmir |0. 57 |0. 41 |0. 24 |0. 39 |10 |21 | |Sikkim |0. 7 |0. 81 |0. 07 |0. 37 |11 |3 | |Gujarat |0. 54 |0. 42 |0. 17 |0. 36 |12 |7 | |West Bengal |0. 44 |0. 25 |0. 29 |0. 32 |13 |17 | | | | | | | | | |Low Financial | | | | | | | |Inclusion (